【免费下载】中英文科技论文写作教程
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:247.10 KB
- 文档页数:5
英文科技论文写作的方法通常来讲,研究生和博士后从他的导师那儿得到研究方向。
经过多次反复试验,得到一些好的结果。
接下来他们需要对得到的数据进行总结和分析,写成论文。
一篇精写的论文更容易被高档杂志接受。
而写得不好的论文很可能被退稿。
论文的数量和质量是学生和导师事业发展的敲门砖。
不成文,便成仁,是学术生涯的写照。
很多学生以为当结果到手的时候研究就结束了。
他们写的草稿,常常把原始数据放在一起,没有对方法和数据进行详细分析,没有对当今论文的评述。
事实上,写作是研究不可分割的一部分。
此刻是弄懂方法的成功与失败,寻找结果的解释及其隐含的意义,以及与其他相关研究进行比较的时候。
我们为什么需要在写作上如此认真努力?原因很简单。
一个研究结果只有在被别人使用时才有意义。
而想被别人使用,文章必须能引起其他科学家的兴趣,而且得保证其他人能看懂并可以重复和再现你的结果。
只有可以被理解的研究才会被重复,也只有可以被再现的工作才能导致别人的引用和跟踪。
而你的论文被引用的数量常常用来衡量研究的影响力。
从某种角度看,写作就象是把你的工作成果推销给其他的科学家。
为了更好的推销,科学论文必须满足它独特的顾客:由聪明能干的科学家组成的尖端读者。
它必须能先说服(通常也是竞争对手的)同行们,因为他们的评审是文章在发表前的第一道关口。
同时,它也必须满足一般读者的要求。
为了达到这个目标,我们首先要理解他们需要什么?读者需要什么你的文章的潜在读者可能有刚进入这领域的新手,大学生和研究生,也有专家(潜在审稿人),他们对你的领域会有不同程度的了解。
因此,写文章的时候应该力求简单到可以被新手理解,同时深刻到可以引起专家的兴趣。
所有的科学家(不论是学生还是他们的导师)往往都很忙。
大量期刊杂志使他们不可能仔细阅读每一篇论文。
他们通常希望能在最短时间内找到文章最重要的信息。
典型的情况是如果文章标题不吸引人,他们或许就会跳过这篇论文,如果文章的摘要没有包含重要的新方法或新结果,他们不会去读这篇文章。
英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。
一般而言,发表在专业英语期刊上的科技论文在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特定的格式和规定,只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定,才能提高所投稿件的录用率。
针对《发动机稀燃汽油机的氢气直接喷射燃烧和排放研究的特点》并综合网上查找资料,总结出了一套写作框架。
这套框架基本能够依次回答以下问题:Introduction(引言):研究的是什么问题?Materials and Methods(材料和方法):怎样研究这个问题?Results(结果):发现了什么?Discussion(讨论):这些发现意味着什么?Conclusions-结论/总结英文科技论文的基本格式包括:Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s) and address(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgements-致谢,可空缺References-参考文献Appendix-附录,可空缺Resume-作者简介,视刊物而定下面把各个部分的注意事项做如下阐述。
1.Title(论文题目)论文题目力求做到长短适中,概括性强,重点突出,一目了然。
论文题目一般由名词词组或名词短语构成在必须使用动词的情况下,一般用分词或动名词形式。
题目中介词、冠词小写。
具体写作要求如下:(1)题目要准确地反映论文的内容。
作为论文的“标签”,题目既不能过于空泛和一般化,也不宜过于繁琐,使人得不出鲜明的印象。
为确保题目的含义准确,尽量避免使用非定量的、含义不明的词,如“rapid”,“new”等;(2)题目用语需简练、明了,以最少的文字概括尽可能多的内容。
题目最好不超过10 ~ 12个单词,或100个英文字符(含空格和标点),在内容层次很多的情况下,如果难以简短化,最好采用主、副题名相结合的方法,主副题名之间用冒号(:)隔开(3)题目要清晰地反映文章的具体内容和特色,明确表明研究工作的独到之处,力求简洁有效、重点突出。
《科技英语写作指南》Writing in the field of science and technology requires a combination of technical knowledge and effective communication skills. When writing about complex concepts or research findings, it is important to convey information clearly and concisely for a diverse audience. This can be especially challenging when trying to reach a global readership with varying levels of expertise in the subject matter.在科技领域写作需要将专业知识与有效沟通技巧相结合。
当涉及复杂概念或研究发现时,为了吸引不同水平读者,清晰、简洁地传达信息至关重要。
如果要吸引全球读者,其中一些人的专业知识水平可能有所不同。
One key aspect of writing in technology is the use of terminology and jargon specific to the field. While these terms may be essential for accurately conveying information, it is important to strike a balance between technical accuracy and readability for a broader audience. Providing explanations or definitions for technical terms can help clarify the content for readers who may not be familiar with the specialized vocabulary.科技写作的一个关键方面是使用特定领域的术语和行话。
科技英语作文写作技巧和方法Certainly, I will provide you with an English essay on the topic of "Techniques and Methods for Writing Technical English Essays" without any additional instructions or requirements beyond what you have provided.Writing technical English essays can be a challenging task, but with the right techniques and methods, it can be a rewarding experience. The key to successful technical essay writing lies in understanding the unique characteristics of this genre and adopting a structured approach that ensures clarity, precision, and effectiveness in conveying complex technical information to the reader.One of the fundamental aspects of technical essay writing is the importance of organization and structure. Unlike creative or persuasive essays, technical essays typically follow a more formal and structured format. This format often includes an introduction that provides an overview of the topic, a body that delves into the technical details and analysis, and a conclusion that summarizes the key points and implications. Maintaining a clear and logical flow throughout the essay is crucial, as it helps the reader navigate the content and understand the key concepts being presented.Another critical element in technical essay writing is the use of precise and unambiguous language. Technical essays often deal with complex subject matter, and it is essential to use terminology and vocabulary that is specific to the field being discussed. Avoiding the use of jargon or overly technical language can be a challenge, but it is important to strike a balance between providing sufficient detail and ensuring that the content is accessible to the intended audience. Additionally, the use of clear and concise sentence structure, as well as the careful selection of appropriate grammar and punctuation, can greatly enhance the overall clarity and readability of the essay.Attention to detail is another hallmark of successful technical essay writing. Technical essays often require the inclusion of various types of supporting evidence, such as data, graphs, tables, or references to relevant literature. Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of this supporting information is crucial, as it lends credibility to the arguments and conclusions presented in the essay. Furthermore, proper citation and referencing of sources is essential, as it demonstrates the writer's understanding of the existing knowledge in the field and their ability to build upon it effectively.One of the key challenges in technical essay writing is the need to effectively communicate complex technical concepts to a potentially diverse audience. This may include readers from differentbackgrounds, levels of expertise, or areas of specialization. To address this challenge, technical essay writers must develop the ability to translate technical jargon into more accessible language, while still maintaining the necessary level of detail and rigor. This may involve the use of analogies, examples, or visual aids to help the reader better understand the technical content.Additionally, technical essay writing often requires the ability to analyze and interpret data, as well as to draw logical and well-supported conclusions from this information. This involves the careful evaluation of evidence, the identification of patterns and trends, and the ability to synthesize this information into a coherent and persuasive argument. Strong critical thinking and analytical skills are essential in this regard, as they enable the writer to move beyond simply presenting facts and towards a deeper understanding and interpretation of the technical subject matter.Finally, the process of revising and editing technical essays is crucial to ensuring the overall quality and effectiveness of the final product. Technical essay writers must be willing to critically examine their work, identify areas for improvement, and make the necessary revisions to enhance the clarity, precision, and coherence of the essay. This may involve reorganizing the structure, clarifying the language, or strengthening the supporting evidence. Effective revision and editing are key to producing a high-quality technicalessay that effectively communicates the writer's technical expertise and insights to the reader.In conclusion, technical essay writing is a complex and multifaceted skill that requires a combination of strong organizational abilities, precise language use, attention to detail, effective communication strategies, and critical thinking skills. By mastering these techniques and methods, writers can produce technical essays that are not only informative and technically accurate but also engaging and accessible to a wide range of readers. With practice and dedication, the art of technical essay writing can be developed and refined, enabling writers to effectively convey their technical expertise and insights to their intended audience.。
1.科学论文应具有科学性、创新性、逻辑性和通达性,创新性是一篇论文的灵魂。
2.文章的类型分为:论文、简报、通讯、综述。
其中,论文和综述影响大,最为重要。
3.对量下定义不能有单位介入4.基本表达式:A={A}[A] 物理量={数值}[单位]。
物理量排斜体,单位排正体。
5.构成标注图坐标、表栏头的基础{数值}=A/A=物理量/单位6.不能以分子式(物质名称、方法代号)代表物理量。
7.词头使用的若干规定:①使量值处于1.1~1000之间②K以下小写③词头不得单独使用④词头不得重叠使用8.多元系:质量分数、体积分数、摩尔分数、质量浓度9.数字使用的一般原则:优先选用阿拉伯数字。
10.英文不能用阿拉伯数字开头。
11.较小数(<10)全拼12.通常,阿拉伯数字用于表达精确数字,不是精确数字不能用阿拉伯数字表示。
13.中文连接号①半字线构成复合词、化合物构型②一字线起止、递进③波纹线变动范围④破折号14.英文连接号①em dash 成对使用,相当于句内括号②en dash 构成对等复合词,表示范围③hyphen 修饰作用15.引用参考文献的意义参考文献是科技论文的重要组成部分①参考文献可以提供论文的主题的背景,依据和目的。
②可以揭示论文的起点和达到的高度。
③可以方便的将作者的研究成果和他人的成果区分开来,避免抄袭或剽窃别人成果之嫌。
④可为读者查阅相关资料提供方便。
⑤在论文撰写过程中可避免对他人成果的详述,使行文更为简洁、精炼。
16.两种标注制:作者-出版年制、顺序编码制。
文后参考文献著录规则是指通常使用顺序编码制。
17.文献类型代码专著M 会议录C 汇编G 报纸N 期刊J 学位论文D 报告R 标准S 专利P 数据库DB 计算机程序CP 电子公告EB 磁带MT 磁盘DK 光盘CD 联机网络OL18.GB/T 7714-2005 中国作者姓名,姓氏首字母大写,或者全大写。
例如Kang Xinchen或KANG Xinchen19.刊名缩写的原则①单个词构成的刊名不缩②通常缩在辅音后、元音前20.科学术语的规范、统一是人们进行学术交流的基础。
How to Write a Scientific Paper*By George M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University,Cambridge, MA 02138, USA科学论文写作*原著:George M. Whitesides (美国)译者:张希,林志宏What is a scientific paper? A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to“no n-existent.”什么是科技论文?科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述,以此向读者论述。
论文是研究工作的中心部分。
如果你的研究没有写成论文,也就等同于没有做研究。
有意义但没有发表,等同于不存在。
Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说,从一些测试中得出结论,并把结论传授给别人。
中英文科技写作如ask a question ,answer a question ,formulate a problem ,solve a problem 等;[1] I have a question about the last page of your presentation.[2] I have a problem about the last page of your presentation.前者的意思是你有不清楚或者不明白的东西要问,后者是指你认为the last page of yourpresentation 有错误。
例3 too 和also 的用法区别:[1] I have done this quickly too.[2] I have also done this quickly.例4 few 和several 用法区分。
several 的意思是几个,few 的意思是几乎没有或者少,但是a few 的意思是几个。
如:[1] (a) I bought several books today. [1] (b) I bought a few books today.这两句话的意思略微不同:前者情况是指买的比较多,而后者指的是买的比较少。
[2] There is very few water left in the bottle. (那个瓶子里面几乎没有水了。
)[3] Very few students came to today s seminar. (今天参加讲座的学生很少。
)[4] Few students came last night. (昨晚只来了几个学生。
)178 中国科学院上海天文台年刊2010 年[5] A few students came last night. (昨晚来了几个学生。
)例5 很多学生都不能区分科技英语中的property, character 和characteristic。
科技英语写作教程在当今全球化的世界中,科技英语写作的重要性日益凸显。
科技英语写作不仅在学术研究中扮演着关键角色,也在商业、政府和日常生活中的许多方面发挥着重要作用。
因此,掌握科技英语写作技巧对于提高我们的全球竞争力至关重要。
科技英语写作教程旨在教授学生如何有效地使用英语进行科技写作。
本教程将分为四个部分:引言、科技英语写作基础知识、科技英语写作实践和结论。
引言部分将介绍科技英语写作的基本概念和重要性。
我们将探讨科技英语写作的定义、目的和特点,以及它在现代社会中的地位。
在科技英语写作基础知识部分,我们将深入探讨科技英语写作的语法、词汇和句子结构。
我们将学习如何使用复杂句型和专业化术语,以及如何避免常见的语法错误。
我们还将了解科技英语写作中的文体和语域特点。
在科技英语写作实践部分,我们将通过实例分析来学习如何撰写高质量的科技英语文章。
我们将从选题、搜集资料、撰写提纲、初稿到修订和校对等方面进行实践。
我们还将学习如何使用科技英语写作工具,如语法检查器和专业排版软件。
在结论部分,我们将回顾本教程的主要内容,并总结我们在科技英语写作方面的收获。
我们将讨论如何将所学知识应用到实际生活中,以及如何进一步提高我们的科技英语写作技能。
科技英语写作教程旨在帮助学生掌握科技英语写作的基本知识和技能。
通过本教程的学习,学生将能够熟练地运用科技英语进行写作,提高他们在学术研究、商业和生活中的竞争力。
随着全球化的深入和科技的飞速发展,英语科技论文摘要的写作范式越来越受到。
本文旨在探讨英语科技论文摘要的写作范式,为撰写出结构合理、逻辑清晰、表述准确的英文科技论文摘要提供指导和规范。
一、英语科技论文摘要的定义与作用英语科技论文摘要是对原始科技论文的高度概括和总结,以简洁明了的英文表述,传达论文的主要研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
摘要的主要作用包括:1、提供论文的概述,帮助读者快速了解论文的核心内容;2、为读者提供一个初步的学术交流和讨论的平台;3、为未来研究者提供研究方向和进一步研究的线索。
中英文科技论文写作教程标题一、英文文章标题(Title)的结构:1.完整句子作为题目,这是一种常见的结构,尤其在报刊中常用:Fuzhou Strives for Better Exports(由于是题目,在句尾不能用句号)2.名词+动词不定式结构:这种结构表示将来,因在题目中一般不用will或shallThe Chinese Communist Party to Hold Its 18th Congress3.名词或名词短语+过去分词。
这种结构常用于报道已做过的事情.Capital International Airport Enlarged.北京国际机场扩建4.现代分词短语结构。
Visiting a Friend on a Snowy Night5.介绍短语结构In Memory of ….6.名词或名词短语+介词短语结构Home for the Sailors7.以动词原形开始的短语结构,这种结构常用于带有号召性的题目中。
Server the People8.名词或名词短语结构,例如A small Green City二、注意题目字母的大小写问题1. 题目中除介词、冠词、和连接词的字母全部小写外,其它的词的第一个字母要大写(介词和冠词在题目开头时第一个字母也要大写)My Family and Myself2.题目中全部字母大写,这种形式大多用于书籍封面上的题目,例如:上海简介A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SHANGHAI3.题目第一个词的第一个字母大写外,其它字母一律小写,但遇到专门名词时,该词的第一个字母仍须大写,现在报纸上的题目大都采用这种形式,主要是便于排版。
中国体操选手夺得七枚金牌Chinese gymnasts sweep away seven gold medals三.在英语文章题目中,冠词常可省略,例如美国总统在西方U.S. President in West四、英文文题的一般性原则*文题应准确而清晰反映文章的内容和重点。
就根据情况,不一定要逐字译出题目中常有的“谈谈”,“浅析”,“初探”,“试论”,“我见”等字样。
例如:浅谈高等院校的短跑训练Dash Training in Colleges and Universities英文文题应尽量避免像“on the ”,“report on ”,“regarding”,“use of”,“research on ”,“a study of ”,“studies on…”,“investigation of …”,“relationship between …and …”,之类的短语。
推崇按照文章的主题、直接了当地进行命题:例如:On the glass transition of binary blends of polystyrene with different molecular weights修改为:Glass transition of binary blends of ...英语科技摘要写作2.英文文题的结构特征*文题采用偏正名词短语,常采用的中心词如:Preparation, synthesis, Polymerization, Reaction (Interaction), Modification, Separation; Design, Method, Characterization, Identification, Analysis, Comparison, Application, Progress, Study等等*在中心词前可加以限定、修饰,通过介词of, to ,in等构成后置定语,或通过using, under 等引出采用的实验手段、实验条件等。
当study on 之类词的前有限定成分时,则应予保留。
例如:MTDSC and atomic force microscopy studies of morphology and recrystallization in polyesters including oriented films当有介词by时,应保留investigation之类的词,例如:Investigation of phase behavior of polymer blends by thermal methods.*从语法修辞的角度,不应将一长串词作为一个词的修饰词,例如:Thermal decomposition kinetics of the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine by DSC method改为:DSC study on kinetics of thermal decomposition for the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine.此句可将thermal decomposition 修改为kinetics 的后置定语。
*问话形式的文题,通常较为少见或不用。
例如:What has brought on the effects of number-average molecular weight on the spinodals in polymer mixtures?这是刊登在国外期刊上的一篇论文题名,也可以不用问话的形式,修改为:Effect of the number-average molecular weight on the spinodals in polymer mixtures.Title(chapter II. )What key skills are needed when writing a Title?写标题需要的关键技巧是什么?写一个好的标题代表了写作的50%的技能Every word is important. 第个词都很重要。
得思考用哪个词能引起关注?本研究有什么新的发现?用哪3-5个词来突出本研究发现的独特性?11.2 How can I make my title more dynamic? 如何让标题更有力度?下列例子没有多少价值的表达法:A study of the factors affecting trihyroxyindole procedure for the analysis ofdeoxyribonucleic acid改为:Factors affecting the trihyroxyindole procedure for the analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid但有时如果用study ,investigation这类词,也是有用的,这些词会使研究结论不那么确凿。
比较:The determinants of customer satisfactionAn investigation into the determinants of customer satisfactionSome determinants of customer satisfactionDeterminants of customer satisfaction(后两句不如第一句那么确认肯定)Study, investigation 有时也用于分为两部分的标题中:Old age: A study of diversity among men and women但将此句修改后,则更显力度:Old age: diversity among men and women (这里删除了a study of)有人将此句改写成疑问句:What factors effect diversity among men and women in old age?但这种用疑问句的写法,显然是多余的,并不能吸引眼球。
如果要用疑问句,或许这样写好些:Will women always live longer than men/摘要2.1英文摘要的分类国外学者一般将摘要分为报道性摘要(informative abstracts)和指示性摘要(indicative abstracts)报道性摘要,旨在压缩全文。
这类摘要内容应该包括提出问题,研究该问题的方法,基本数据和结论。
通常通过阅读此类摘要就可了解全文的主要内容。
指示性摘要,亦称为描述性摘要:旨在阐明文章的主题,使广大读者很容易做出是否阅读全文的决定。
由于其是描述性的,而不是本质的再现,因此,不是全文的替代物,不应写成研究论文的标题式摘要,但指示性摘要可以用于综述论文、会议报告、政府报告文献等,这类指示性摘要对文献数据库通常具有较大价值。
当前国际国内的科技论文主要采用报道性摘要。
一篇摘要应视为一篇论文的最短形式,是全文献的总结,即包含序言、材料与方法、结果和讨论的简要概括和总结。
一篇摘要不应超过250个字,应清楚表达该论文论述的内容。
摘要具体应包括1)说明研究的范围和主要对象;2)描述所用方法;3)总结结果;4)阐明主要结论。
摘要不应包含书刊评述,图表及文献,要剔除含糊不清的缩略语和简称。
例如,A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has beencarried out by using differential scanning calorimetry. The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase. At extrusion ratio (ER) greater than four, two melting peaks were observed. With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature. The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less. It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.此例回答了如下四个问题:#做了什么?(研究工作范围)--------用DSC研究聚丙烯的熔融行为#怎么做?(实验要点)--------固体拉伸取向#结果如何?(主要结果)-----两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化#原因何在?(结果的解释,结论)--------存在不同的晶体..Why did I carry out this paper? Why am I writing this paper?..What did I do, and how?..What were my results? What was new compared to previous research?下面列举回答下述四个问题的一些基本句式:(1)研究范围(to be) carried outperformed,Made, conducted, studied, investigated, described, dealt with, elucidated(阐明,说明),given, developed, employed, derived, synthesized, monitored, determined, observed, recorded, examined, characterized, identified, tested, calculated, proposed, used to study, used to establish, evaluated, discussed.(2)实验要点(to be) prepared by the reaction of ... with...synthesized via reactingobtained via condensationby means ofusing ...as...Over most of the range of ..In the range of ....Containing .... percent or moreIn the presence of ....In the absence of .....with a variety of ....contents(3)主要结论用That从句表示实验结果:The results indicate that.....The results show that .....The results reveal that ....由It 引起的that从句:It was shown that ...It can be seen that....It was found that .....(这类句子,采用主动语态会更加简明,如此句可改写成we found....)It was discovered that .....It was concluded that ......It has been demonstrated that .....It was clarified(阐明)that ......It was revealed that ......It is considered that ....It was confirmed that ....It is suggested that ....It has become apparent that....以....to be后的表语成分表示测定、计算等的结果。