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English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …
English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotactic
语义型语言
(以意统形)
形态型语言
(以形驭意)
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
树
一棵树 一 棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂 的大树 校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 临港新城海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 ……
(Time Order 时间先后)
他人老心 不老。
Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.
(Concession 让步)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic
(Condition 条件)
病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an avalanche, 病去如抽丝。 but goes like reeling silk.
(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折)
我来他已去。 He had left when I arrived.
English: tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）
As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. -- Jimmy Carter
狮子型语言
孔雀型语言
英语（视点固定) -“I can lick you.” “No, you can‟t.” “Yes, I can.” “No, you can‟t.” “I can.” “you can‟t.” “Can!” “Can‟t!”
汉语(视点游移）
我要揍你。 你敢！ 敢又怎么样？ 那你就试试吧！ 试试？哼，你等着瞧！ 等着瞧？我才不怕呢！ 不怕，好，那你休想逃走。 谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！
Retaining some inflections 保留一些形态变化 v.（动词）: tense, aspect, voice, mood n.（名词）: number, case, gender pron.（代词）: person, gender, case, number adj.（形容词）: degree ad.（副词） : degree
Chinese: bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）
从前这里有一个渔村，村里住 着十户人家，这十户人家全 靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰 苦，但很安宁。 开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的， 得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧， 拣好的买，想抽就抽。 The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.
Two Types of TБайду номын сангаасansfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
can can’t
can can’t
can can’t
can can’t
揍 敢 试 瞧 逃 怕
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
moving point of sight
English
fixed point of sight
（视点流动）
（视点固定）
Part Two
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese
英汉语对比研究
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
English
Examples of Negative Transfer
3. Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of „population‟, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以 用前置数词来修饰。
Examples of Negative Transfer
5. -- Your English is wonderful. -- No, no. My English is still poor. Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。
Examples of Negative Transfer
2. He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer （词形迁移） Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
翻 译
Chapter 4 Linguistic Difference between English-Chinese Summary 欢迎光临
What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之 间的相似和差异而产生的影响。
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
English
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
Examples of Negative Transfer
4. He suggested me to accept this offer . Syntactical transfer (句型迁移) The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of „suggest‟, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用 “动词+宾语+补语”的结构。
Examples of Negative Transfer
1. The writer likes writing at light (night). Phonological transfer (语音迁移) The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute. 在有些中国方言（如南京方言）中没有/n/这个 辅音，而用/l/来替代。
Trunk line: S + V + (O) Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构） with different sections linked and yet separated
