跨文化交际(二)

Chapter 2: Language Use and CommunicationCommunication----our ability to share our ideas and feelings----is the basis of human contact.The results and the methods of communication might be different, but the process is the same.Human Communication•Intentional and Unintentional Behavior•Gerald Miller and Mark Steinberg think communication is not a random activity that happens by chance, but rather something that is systematic and planned•while other scholars believe communication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be communicated. •Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.•The Components of Communication1.The Source2.Encoding3.The Message4.The Channel5.The Receiver6.Decoding7.Feedback•A Source: is a person who has a need to communicate. This need may be conscious or unconscious.•Encoding:Because feelings and ideas cannot be shared directly, we must use symbolic representations. we select and arrange verbal and nonverbalsymbols according to our rules of grammar and syntax.•The Massage: encoding produces a message ,which is a set of verbal and nonverbal symbols that a source’s state of being at a par ticular moment. The message is external to the source, while encoding goes on inside the source.•The Channel: the means by which the message move from one person to another is the channel,and the primary channels are sound and sight.•The Receiver: is a person or persons who take the message into account .•Decoding: The receiver decodes the raw energy he or she takes in from the external world and converts it into meaningful experiences. It is information processing. Decoding permits the receiver to attach meaning to the source’s behavior.•Feedback: This is information generated by the receiver and made available to a source that allows the source to make qualitative judgments about the communication while it is taking place.Pragmatics:Language Use•The ProblemLinguistic communication is easily accomplished but not so easily explained.Problems with the message model•1. Disambiguation•2.Under-determination of reference•3.Under-determination of communicative intent•4.Non-literality•5.indirection•6.non-communicative acts•Disambiguation: The message model must be supplemented by principles of contextual appropriateness to compensate for the pervasive ambiguity of natural language.•Example: Flying planes can be dangerous•At an airport zoning, this sentence means the planes flying overhead is dangerous.•At the Pilot’s Insurance Board, this sentence means the risk of piloting planes.•Under-determination of reference:The message model must be supplemented by mechanisms for successfully recognizing the intention to refer to a specific person, place,or thing•Example: the shrewd politician.•Under-determination of communicative intent:•Example:I’ll be there tonight•It might be a prediction, a promise, or even threat, depending upon the speaker’s intentions in the appr opriate circumstances.•Non-literality: we may not mean what our words mean.•Example:Oh that’s just great.•Indirection:A speaker can use the very same sentence to convey quite different messages depending on the context•Example:My car has a flat tire.•It might means requesting a help.•Non-communicative acts: per-locutionary act.Example:•“Raise your hands if you agree!”Dr.William N.Brown begs his Chinese graduate students.•No response.•“Then raise your hands if you disagree!”•Still nothing•“How about raising your hands if you’re awake?”•Some glance about awkwardly, but none dare raise their hands, or break the silent vigil they’re since primary school.•An Inferential adj.可以推论的，据推论得出的Approach to Communication proposes提出four presumptions as the basis of an account of successful linguistic communication.•1.Linguistic Presumption•municative Presumption•3.Presumption of Literalness•4.Conversational Presumptions•Conversational Presumptions:•Relevance : the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation.•Sincerity: the speaker’s is being sincere.Truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say something true. •Quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information.•Quality: the speaker has adequate evidence for what she says.Four characteristics of human language•1.Symbolic•2.rule-govern3.subjective(the meaning of language are reside in people not in words) •4.dynamic•Language is a part of culture ,culture is carry on by language.The Characteristics of Communication 8•No direct mind-to-mind contact•We can only infer•Communication is symbolic•Time-binding links us together•We seek to define the world•Communication has a consequence•Communication is dynamic•Communication is contextual•Communication is self-reflectiveThe Brain is an open system•Each of us can learn new ideas throughout life,what we know at any one instant is a product of what the brain has experienced.•We can learn from each other•Learning is a lifelong endeavor, we can use the information to which we are exposed to change the way we perceive and interact with the world. We are alike and we are different•We are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways. We all have a heart, lungs,brain,and the like.we are also literally made of the same stuff:water,salt,and so on. We also seek emotional pleasure and flee injury to our feelings. We are also alike because all of us, regardless of our culture,must eventually face four fundamental issues: 1.life is finite 2.we are isolated from all other human beings 3.we need to make choices 4.the world is a meaningful world•We are different, because each of us is unique and is shaped by countless factors. Our experience of the world is internal, therefore, we each respond to the world differently.In a word, a common beginning, gender, age, culture and the like may bind us, but our isolated minds and unique experience keep us apart. Cultural differences also keep us apart. While the four philosophical issues of death, isolation, free choice and meaning confront everyone, the resolutions we decide upon have their roots deep in each culture.。

跨文化交际试卷（2）学院：班级：学号：姓名：考试方式：（闭卷）考试时间：120分钟I. 案例分析:（每题5分）1、一位外国导师去听一个中国研究生的实习课。

课后教授对学生说“You handled that lesson superbly.”而学生则回答“No, I didn’t do it well enough.”【分析】中国研究生的回答是否恰当？如何恰当地回应导师的评价？2、一位到迪拜的中国游客因好奇盯住看一群当地女孩们的服饰，拿起照相机直接拍摄她们的形象。

这时领队连忙上前制止游客的行为。

【分析】为什么领队要制止中国游客的行为？在阿拉伯国家旅游要注意哪些行为？3、一位瑞士人到泰国旅游，在参观寺庙时穿着短裤，处于好奇对寺庙殿内膜拜的当地人和佛像膜拜进行拍摄，此时，附近的警察走过来制止他的行为，但瑞士游客不听，继续拍照，于是被请到警察局审问。

【分析】为什么瑞士游客的行为受到警察的制止？在泰国旅游要注意哪些禁忌事项？4、杨瑞芳在一家澳大利亚公司做秘书，她和凯西经常一起吃午餐，并且得到凯西很多帮助,成为非常要好的朋友。

然而，当杨瑞芳希望每天都和凯西在一起活动时,凯西似乎有点不耐烦了，她甚至午饭时间也独自外出，而不是和杨一起吃饭。

杨瑞芳很困惑,她无法理解凯西的态度,不知问题出在哪里。

【分析】为什么杨瑞芳很困惑? 问题到底出在哪里?5、中国一行二人，一位男士和一位女士去朝鲜参加一次商务谈判。

男士身着西服、领带，女士穿长裤和正式的上衣。

令中国谈判人员感到奇怪的是，朝方在向中方人员表示礼节性欢迎时，目光不屑一顾地打量中国女士的穿着。

中方女士察觉到不对头，但不知穿着出了什么差错。

【分析】中方女士穿着出了什么差错？在朝鲜正式场合女性穿着要注意什么？6、王总到英国与合作公司老板马丽进行商业合作谈判，马丽邀请王总到她家做客。

王总为了穿得正式一点，系了一条带有条纹的领带。

王总到了马丽家后，主动与马丽握手，这令马丽的老公感到很诧异；进餐时王总高声谈论英国皇家的逸闻趣事，饭后喝茶时，王总先取完茶接着向茶杯里倒了一点冷牛奶，王总的举动让坐在一旁的马丽十分尴尬。

Chapter 2 Staying with a FamilyCase 1Erica: Hello! Thank for coming. Here, let me take your coat.Lin: Hello. Thanks. Here’s some wine for you.Erica: That’s lovely. You really shouldn’t have, Lin. Thank you. Let’s go in and meet the others.分析：无论东方还是西方，去做客总要带点儿礼物。

无论赴晚会还是晚宴，带甁葡萄酒总是适宜的。

有些西方人给女主人买些花儿，或是巧克力。

呈上礼物的时候，对你的礼物低调处理，就是说，不要太多地谈论你的礼物。

上面的范例是，受礼的主人倒要说上两句，以表谢意。

Case 2Erica: Lin, do have some more dessert.Lin: Thank you, but I’m afraid I’ve had enough. It’s wonderful.分析：同世界上其他国家的人一样，西方人也很好客。

他们也总是想让客人吃得多多的。

所有学会怎样在餐桌上婉言谢绝很有用处。

Case 3After the meal and after the table has been cleared. Liu is not sure what to do, but wants to help in some way. At least he wants to offer.Helen: Thanks for your help, Huang.Liu: Pleasure. What can I do now?Helen: Nothing. It’s fine. I’ll rinse these dishes then stack them. It’ll only take a minute.Liu: Does the family usually help?Helen: Well, at special times. Jack sometimes rinses the dishes but you can see he’s really tired tonight.Liu: Let me do it for you.Helen: No truly, it’s okay.Liu: Maybe I can wipe the table then.Helen: That would be helpful. Thanks. You’re really kind, Huang.分析：在西方人家中的就餐的时间里，大家都设法插手帮一下忙，即便是男士也不例外，不要一点不动着开饭。

Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。

/花盆里生长不出参天大树。

/温室里长不出栋梁之才。

2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。

/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。

3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。

/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。

(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树，后人乘凉。

One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根，逢春又发青。

If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问，深耕多上粪。

Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。

Chapter 2 Communication and InterculturalCommunicationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. know different definitions of communication.2. identify nine components of communication.3. identify the characteristics of communication.4. know the relationship between culture and communication.5. know the definition of intercultural communication.6. identify the 4 forms of intercultural communication.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。

）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。

）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。

跨文化交际案例二资料来源：电视剧《涉外保姆》讲述的是在上海，有一群下岗女工，经过一些涉外家政服务公司的培训，去到外国人家庭做保姆的故事。

里面详细描述她们的工作以及生活情况，同时也有中西方文化碰撞的火花，下面试举其中一个情节。

金巧云（三个女主角之一）因为单位改制，下岗在家待业两年。

为了能够赚钱养活自己年迈的婆婆和上初中的儿子，她来到一家涉外家政服务公司，经过一系列的保姆课程以及英语培训后，她被安排到莫尔夫妇家做住家保姆，负责家里的一切家务和照顾两个孩子。

莫尔先生是一家著名的外资企业的亚太区总裁，莫尔太太也是一家外资企业的高管，两人工作非常忙碌，所以只好请保姆照顾他们五岁的大儿子弗兰克和几个月的小儿子米尼。

莫尔夫妇给金巧云取了个英文名字叫简。

这个名字并没有经过金巧云的本人的同意，而是巧云一来到他们家，他们就这样称呼她。

弗兰克和莫尔先生不太满意巧云，特别是弗兰克，因为他喜欢把他从小带到大的保姆阿玛尼，所以他非常排斥简。

简刚来到莫尔夫妇家，显得十分拘束和不适应。

到了中午，她没饭吃，于是就不停地喝水，后来她想起儿子送给自己的一块巧克力，便拿出来吃。

这一幕被莫尔的儿子看到了，他告诉了自己的母亲。

于是莫尔太太从楼上下来问简：“你的午餐就是一块巧克力和水吗？”简支支吾吾回答不出来，这时莫尔太太恍然大悟地说：“噢，我知道了，你在健美瘦身。

”简不好意思地低下了头，莫尔太太以为她真的在减肥，于是就上楼了。

后面简继续她的工作，她抱着一堆衣服准备放到楼上的柜子里，这时弗兰克在二楼的楼梯口，将一个篮球扔向简。

简并没有生气，而是很客气地并用手召唤地说：“弗兰克，来，下来啊”这时，站在楼上的弗兰克非常气愤，“I am not the dog,you are awful!(我不是小狗，你非常讨厌！)”弗兰克跑回房间打电话给爸爸，说他讨厌那个中国女人，她侵犯了自己的权利，她像小狗一样叫他。

他只想让简走。

晚上，莫尔太太邀请简跟她们一块儿吃饭。

《跨文化交际》学习心得体会范文在跨文化交际这门课程中，我学到了很多有关不同文化间交流的知识和技巧，并且对自己的跨文化意识有了进一步的认识。

通过这门课的学习，我深刻体会到了跨文化交际的重要性，也意识到了自己在这方面还有很大的提升空间。

首先，在交流中我学会了尊重和包容不同文化的观点和习惯。

我们每个人都是在不同的文化背景下长大的，因此我们对事物的看法和态度都可能存在差异。

在与不同文化背景的人交流时，我们要学会尊重他们的观点和习惯，并尽可能地理解他们的价值观和行为模式。

这样才能在跨文化交际中避免冲突和误解，建立良好的人际关系。

其次，在课堂上我学会了如何适应不同的沟通方式和风格。

不同文化间的人们在交流时可能会使用不同的语言、语气和表达方式。

我们要学会适应和理解这些不同的沟通方式和风格，减少交流中可能出现的障碍。

同时，我也通过课堂上的练习和案例分析，锻炼了自己的跨文化交际能力，提高了自己的沟通技巧和语言表达能力。

除此之外，课程还教会了我如何应对跨文化交际中可能遇到的问题和挑战。

在与不同文化背景的人交流时，我们可能会遇到语言障碍、文化差异、价值观冲突等问题。

我学会了如何通过灵活运用语言、体谅和尊重对方的文化差异、寻求共同点等方式来解决这些问题。

这些方法对我来说非常实用，帮助我更好地与不同文化背景的人进行交流和合作。

最后，在课程中我也学到了一些跨文化交际的时间和空间观念。

不同文化的人们对时间和空间的理解和利用方式可能存在差异。

例如，一些文化的人们对时间的概念比较强烈，注重按时完成任务和遵守约定；而另一些文化的人们则对时间相对较为灵活，注重人与人之间的关系。

了解和理解这些差异，有助于我们在跨文化交际中更好地把握时机和节奏，避免误解和冲突的发生。

总的来说，通过这门课程的学习，我对跨文化交际有了更深入的了解，并且提高了自己的跨文化交际能力。

我意识到在全球化背景下，跨文化交际是非常重要的，也是一种必备的技能。

我会继续努力学习和提升自己的跨文化交际能力，以适应和应对不同文化间的交流和合作。