大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题

Topics for Final Oral Exam (3-4mins each)1.Jean Safari, an American manager, was investigating a serious error made by aJapanese worker at the Japanese subsidiary（子公司）of a US multinational（跨国公司）. A component（零件）had been inserted upside down（颠倒，混乱）and the entire batch（一组）had been pulled out of production to be reworked.The cost of this was high. Jean asked the Japanese plant director about which employee had made the error. Had she been identified? What action was being taken against her? She was amazed when the director claimed not to know. “The whole work group has accepted responsibility,”he told her. How do you understand this explanation?= = As we have seen, when asked who had made the error, the Japanese worker answered”the whole work group has accepted responsibility.”However,Jean’s question means which one person is to blame for this mistake. This case reflects the differences between individualism and collectivism .Jean is an American manager while the worker is Japanese. American culture determines American attitude associated with individualism, they think each person seperated from others,they usually think in terms of “I”.So, they will think group has relatively little influence on the behavior of group members.That’s why Jean asked which employee had made the error,you know it’s which one people.On the other hand,Japanese attitude associated with collectivism,they think each person is part of a group, he can’t be be separated from the group,they usually think in terms of “we”.So,they think everyone in the group should assume the responsibility when one person in this group made a mistake.As the saying goes in china ,you know, youfutongxiang younantongdang. That’s why he answered, The whole work group has accepted responsibility.2.I was frustrated with a low-English-level Korean student who never askedquestions in class. My goal was to equalize classroom participation, and one aspect of it was to have students ask questions when they didn’t understand something during class. I taught techniques of how to ask a question, which the students from Mexico readily adopted, but not the Korean student. Why?= =From this case, we have seen the differences between the western class and the traditional eastern class because of the different culture. In fact ,this phenomenon is so common in our Chinese classes, students don’t like asking and teachers are always talking alone. So you know, our English class sometimes is so silent, as if there was teacher only one. The western class is student-centered, teachers just give some suggestion when help is needed. Because of this, students usually think by themselves and ask some questions when they don’t understand. The student-centered way can let teachers see the students’potential. However ,the traditional eastern class is teacher-centered. The teacher is the center of the class,students are often passively to accept the knowledge .In fact ,the students are so afraid of the teacher that they avoid making any mistakes, so they usually keep silent .3. A young Japanese student came to the United States, and he was overwhelmed（压倒，覆盖）by the cordial reception（热诚的接待）he was given. He said, “The American people are wonderful. They are so warm, so friendly-much beyond my expectations.” Some time later, while traveling in the west, this same young man had had dinner with an American family and had remarked that he greatly admired the country’s efficiency, organization, and accomplishment. But he said, there was one thing he would never quite understand, and that was why Americans were so cold, so distant. His host was deeply hurt, and the visit ended on a bit of a sour note（不愉快）. What had made the Japanese young man change his view about Americans? What can you infer about American friendship based on this case?= =This case was about a young Japanese student’s experience in the United States, especially in his thoughts about Americans. This young Japanese man’s feeling is typical as many foreign visitors do so. Because of the different treat received ,he totally changed his view about Americans.From this case, we can see that how Americans regard the word “friend ship”is quite different from us Asians. American friendships develop rapidly, and they may change rapidly. People from the United States may at first seem friendly. Americans often chat easily with strangers. As we all know, Americans use the word “friend” in a very general way. They may call acquaintances and companions “friends”. These friendships are usually based on common interests. When what they shared activities end , the friendship may fade.4. Litz met a Chinese doctor in the United States, and fell in love with him and theygot married. Litz’s husband had long wished to bring his mother to live with them for a while. So, they invited her over. They are very happy about their mother’s visit. Litz knows being filial to parents is a great value Chinese people cherish. As wife of a Chinese, she tries to be as filial as her husband. Two days after the mother’s arrival, Litz talked to her husband, Dick, while his mother was sitting in the garden enjoying the sunshine.Litz: Dick, how long is your mum going to stay?Dick: I don’t know. I haven’t asked her.Litz: Why not ask her?Dick: What do you mean by asking her?Litz: I mean what I said. Just ask her how long she’ going to stay.What was going to happen the next day made Litz very confused. The mother overheard their conversation and decided to leave for China the very afternoon. Litz had never expected that her visit should be so shot.Why did the Chinese mother-in-law decide to leave the very afternoon? What went wrong?= =Because she heard what they said and feel that Litz may don’t welcome her. She felt sad and unhappy ,then she thought she had better leave .from this case ,we can see the big difference in language between China and America. Chinese people tend to speak more subtle , while the Americans are more directly . This difference is determined by the different cultures between ours. Chinese people pay more attention to subtle, and like to think the deep meaning of each of what others have said. Americans prefer to directly talk about their feelings and thoughts . They do not think that more.This will easily lead to ambiguity and then produce conflict. Just in this case ,Litz just want to know how long her Chinese mother-in-low is going to stay. However, her husband and his mother don’t think so , they think Litz don’t want his mother to live here. So this case arises.4.Linda was a young Puerto Rican girl studying in a New Y ork City high school.She was once suspected of smoking with a group of troublemakers and was punished with them by the principal. She was thought so because when she was interviewed by the principal, she avoided meeting his eyes and only stared down at the floor, hence（因此）being regarded as sly(诡秘的) and dishonest. Her mother insisted that she was a good girl while the principle firmly believed that she was not. This led to a demonstration（实证）of Puerto Rican parents at the school the next morning. And later the principal found that Linda was indeed a gentle and sweet girl.= =Linda is misunderstood because she avoided meeting the principal’s eyes and stared down at the floor.Her behaviors may express that she has down something terrible and she felt guilty .She told a lie and tried to conceal something.Sometimes eye contact plays a meaningful part in communication.Eye contact is an important aspect of body language.One could draw up quite a lot of 'rules' about eye contact: to look or not to look, when to look and how long to look, who and who not to look at, etc. And these rules vary from culture to culture.People from American culture expects eye contact, though this does not have to be constant when communicating with one another. If you look at the other person’s eye when speaking,he will think you as a confident person and feel be respected.6.Attending a conference in Rio de Janeiro, Linda struck up a conversation with a young lady from the local group. As the lady talked, she appeared to be making a physical advance, moving toward Linda every time Linda moved away. Eventually, Linda found her back against the wall, unable to retreat any further. Concerned and uncomfortable, she excused herself curtly, left the party, and did not attend any others. Why?This case is about the cultural differences in the understanding of personal space.Riode janeiro is a big city in brazil.Brazilians simply do not give private,personal space high consideration.The local lady is not as sensitive about personal space as is linda.Maybe she only wants to express her enthusiasm,so she makes a physical advance.In this sense,she never realizes that her behaviors may be regarded as rude. By constrast,linda’s culture is more sensitive to privacy.When the lady approaches her,she feels an invasion of his private space,and thus becomes angry.。

1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化，反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉；觉察（力）；观念；（农作物的）收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉；直觉；知觉；轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者；有极高智力的人；正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地，因为所有人，不管他们的文化如何，都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的；下级的，下等的；（位置在）下面的；C) superior 优良的；更高级的；傲慢的；D) deviant 不正常的，异常的；离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。

××学院试卷阶段测试2:Unit5-Unit8课程所属部门：人文学院课程名称：跨文化交际（双语）课程编号：考试方式：（A、闭）卷使用班级：人文学院班命题人：教研室（系）主任审核：主管领导批准：班级：学号：姓名：题号一二三四五六七八九十总分得分purpose of moving one's consciousness from the determinate to the indeterminate, freer state.Ⅱ. Make choices (Read the following situations and choose the appropriate answer(s). There may be more than one possible answer for each cultural puzzle. 本题共6小题，每小题3分，共18分）ArraySituation :reading and relaxing by himself. He had been very busy at work during the week and had workedovertime. Saturday came and Jim rested himself in his most comfortable chair. Just as he started to read, the doorbell rang. He answered the door and to Ms surprise, Ms former Arabian co-worker, Magid, was standing at the door. They had been good friends at work, but had lost contact since Magid left. It was several months since they had saw each other.( )1. How do you think Jim felt?a) Jim probably had mixed feelings when he saw Magid. He was happy to See him, but felt disappointed that he couldn't spend the time alone.b) Jim was a little bit upset by the sudden dropping by of Magid.c) Jim was so happy to see Magid that he forgot about wanting to spend the day by Himself.Now read the situation from Magid's point of view.Situation :One Saturday morning, Magid was home and didn't have much to do. he thought about his friend, Jim, who he used to work with. it was a long time since they hadseen each other and Magid felt bad about this. He had told Jim that he would comeand visit him sometime, but several months had passed and he just couldn't find thetime. He remembered that Jim had told him,"Come and visit when you get thechance. I want to stay in touch with you."This Saturday morning seemed like a goodame to visit. He went to Jim's house and rang the doorbell. wnen Jim answered thedoor, he didn't look completely happy to see Magid. Then, after a few seconds, hesmiled and said,"Hi, Magid. Come on in."( )2.How do you think Magid felt?a) Magid was probably offended.b) Magid understood that Jim wanted to be by himself that day.C) Magid understood that Jim was a little bit upset because he dropped by without calling first. Now continue reading about what happened during the visit.Situation :Jim asked Magid to come into his home. They talked about what they had been doing since Magid left the company. Magid stayed about three hours and then said, 'I’d better go now." Jim got up and saw Magid out. They said goodbye to each other and Jim thanked Magid for coming. As they left each other, they both felt a little uncomfortable.( )3. Why do you think Magid was a little uncomfortable?a)Magid thought that Jim should have asked him to stay longer.b)Magid thought that he didn’t stay long enough.c) Magid couldn't understand why Jim thanked him for coming.( )4. Why do you think Jim was uncomfortable?a)Jim thought that Magid should have stayed longer. three hours was too short for a visit.b) Jim thought that Magid should have apologized for visiting without calling first.c)Jim thought that Magid had stayed too long and that he should have said something like, "I'm sorry if I've disturbed."( )5.What would you do if someone asks you a question that you feel too personal?a) You could say directly, don't want to answer that question."b) You could answer the question in a general way and then change the subject.c) You could explain that, in your culture, people usually don't ask such questions and that you feel uncomfortable answering it.( )6.Situation : An American invited a group of Japanese students over to Ms house. He and Ms wife had spent a great deal of time preparing food and getting the house ready. They were looking forward to the party and hoped that the Japanese would enjoy themselves. They came at about 8 : 00 at night and right away seemed to be enjoying themselves.There was a lot of dancing and singing and good conversation. Then, almost suddenly, one of the students said 'Thank you "to the hosts and said that it was time to go. After that, all of the Japanese began to get ready to leave. The American and Ms wife couldn't understand why this happened. They felt insulted because everyone left so early and at the same time.Can you explain what happened?a) The Americans must have done something that offended the Japanese.b) The Japanese were not having a good time.c) Japanese usually leave as a group and try not to stay too long so as not to offend their host.Ⅲ.Multiple choice (本题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分)Background : Janice, an American businesswoman, and Maya, a business. woman from Mexico, both work for the same company. Maya has just come to the U. S. To work in the American office of her company. Below are several situations involving Janice and Maya.In the following cultural puzzles, circle the letter before the nonjudgmental questions that will help Maya get the most helpful answers.( )1. Situation : Maya is introduced to Janice. Maya notices that Janice often smiles as she talks to the men and women in the company. In Maya's culture, a woman who smiles frequently when she talks to men is probably flirting. Maya asks a co-worker from her own culture :a) Janice is not a good woman, is she?b) Why does Janice flirt with strange men?c) What does it mean when an American woman smiles at a man?( ) 2.Situation : Maya and Janice are having lunch. Maya cuts her hand while she 'Tm sorry! Are you all right?" Later Maya says to a friend from her country:a) Why do Americans act like any problem is their fault?b) Do Americans feel that it is their fault when someone gets hurt using an American product?c) when I cut my hand, Janice said, Tm sorry. It wasn't her fault. Do most Americans apologize when it's not their fault?( ) 3.Situation : Maya sees the president of her company (an American) serve some coffee to a visitor. In her country, a company president would always ask a secretary to perform tasks like that. She asks Janice :a) I saw the company president serve coffee to a visitor. For me, that was very unusual. Does that seem unusual to you?b) Don't American secretaries like to take care of their bosses?c) Is the president's secretary sick?( ) 4.Situation : Maya visits Janice's house one Saturday afternoon. She is listening to aconversation the family is having. Janice, her husband and the children are discussing where to go for their summer holiday. Janice wants to go to New York City, but the children want to go camping instead. Janice listens carefully to the children's reasons,Later, Maya asks another American :a) Why do American children have so much power in the American family?b) Why do American parents let their children tell them what to do?c) Do Americans often let their children help make decisions?1. Read the following case and analyze why did that woman suddenly stop talking with Mark and turned to another man?Case 1 Personal SpaceMark had recently moved from Denmark to Sydney to work as a salesperson for a large Australian company. After three weeks, he was invited to join a local club. During the first few weeks at the club, Mark would either stand in the comer talking with someone or sit on a sofa listening to other people talk and chat. As time went by, he came to know most of the club members and seemed to enjoy talking with them. One day, at an evening party, one of the female members approached him. Mark immediately showed Ms interest by talking about the atmosphere of the party. At first, the conversation between them seemed to go quite smoothly, but as it progressed, the lady seemed to step further and further away from Mark as he had been gradually moving closer to her. The lady obviously seemed uncomfortable. As Mark was about to ask her questions regarding Australian social customs, another man standing nearby directed a glance toward the lady. She excused herself and went to talk with that man, leaving Mark standing alone and wondering why their conversation had come to such a sudden stop.2. Read the following case and answer:How could you explain to Li Hua's parents about the relationship between Li Hua and John? How could you explain to John Li Hua's parents' behavior?Case 2 I've Hot Considered Marriage YetJohn, 28 years old, an Australian studying Chinese in Beijing, met Li Hua at a dance party. LiHua, 22, took an instant liking to John the first time they met. As time went on, they saw more andmore of each other. After six months or so, Li Hua suggested that John meet her parents. Since this was the first time John had visited a Chinese family, he became quite nervous the moment he was introduced to Li Hua's parents, elder sister and sister-in-law. Soon after serving him some Chinese tea and fruit, Li Hua's mother began questioning John about his background, his family and relatives, as well as his economic status. John did his best to answer all of the questions, sometimes in broken Chinese. A few minutes later, Li Hua's father turned toward John, and asked a very direct question. He wanted John to tell him when he would marry Li Hua and where he was going to live and work. John, being a bit surprised at the question, replied that he hadn't thought about marriage. Li Hua's father got very upset and angry. He stamped his foot and asked John to leave. As John was about to leave, Li Hua's father warned him against seeing his daughter again. John left, without knowing what he had done to enrage the family,。

《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings havesurprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

跨文化交际英语考试Lesson 11. How do you understand the title"Living Between Three Worlds"? This refers to the situation in which the author finds himself. He is a child of an Indian father and English mother, so he has Indian citizenship. He also has a Right of abode to work in the United Kingdom. At the same time, he is an applicant for a U.S. Green Card.2. What does globalization mean to different people?Some people believe that globalization will improve productivity throughout the world, and as the world becomes richer and more prosperous, living standards everywhere will have the potential to rise. However, some people take the opposite view, claiming that globalization will have increasingly devastating effects on human life.3.What do you think makes the author's situation different to that of the majority of Indians? The author has a promising job in marketing and business development in a post-modern firm, a so-called network company that is held together through e-mails and teleconferences alone. Therefore, his fate is not that of a corporate foot-soldier, and even less like that of most other Indians, who are still poor.4. What do migration and outsourcing mean from an economist's pointof view? Why?An economist will not care about migration and outsourcing. According to theories of microeconomics, free exchange will move resources to their highest valued use, and, as a result, it will maximize global output. Under such conditions, migration andoutsourcing are two sides of the same coin, temporary disequilibrium conditions that will lead to an eventual equilibrium.5. According to the author, what changes has the Industrial Revolution brought?The author thinks that the Industrial Revolution has brought global inequality. Before the Industrial Revolution. poverty was equally distributed throughout the globe, and the circumstances of a peasant in India and of one in Europe were fairly similar. When the Industrial Revolution came, global inequality reached the point where the average bachelors degree holder in India had to make do with a few dollars a day, while his U.S. counterpart with a similar educational level enjoyed a three-bedroom house, even if both were doing the same work.6. What does labor supply shift due to globalization mean toa U.S.worker?Due to labor shift, the labor market that an American worker faces is nolonger a local or national market,but an international one. He will face more pressure from foreign labor, and his wages will decrease due to fierce competition throughout the world. Therefore, his life won't be so easy as before.7. Why does the author think that the backlash as a result of labor shift in the U.S. and Europe will not go away easily?He believes that there is a fundamental contradiction that lies at the heart of the liberal political and economic order. lt is difficult to coordinate these two factors. On the one hand, the liberal economic order demands progression towards perfect competition which ultimately devalues citizenship rights. On the other hand. the liberal political order is determined by theconcert of nation-states. Therefore, labor shift has posed a big problem that will have long-term consequences.8. How does the author view the dilemma that the economic entrepreneur and the politician are facing? The economic entrepreneur places great emphasis on meeting the demands and needs of the consumer. But for the politician, if he follows what the economic entrepreneur is doing, a protectionist regime could easily emerge. The reason for this is that demand for protection is a natural reaction todeclining or stagnant income levels. The author thinks that there is no easy way out of this dilemma and only a good dose of common sense and self-restraint can make matters less painful and difficult.Lesson 21. What does the author intend to illustrate by telling us the story of teaching the color white to a blind person?The man failed to make the blind friend understand the color white. This tells us that if people do not share same experiences, it will be very difficult for them to understand one another. Moreover, we should take for granted that other people have the same perceptions of things as we do .2. According to the author, what makes up"culture"?The author thinks that culture is made up of those experiences which we may not share and which may be different for all of us, such as the habits of everyday life, the cues to which people respond, the automatic reactions they have to whatever they see and hear.3.Why did the Frenchman make the wrong assumption about theAmerican economic system?There are two reasons: first, the economic system is not something that can be immediately perceived, but the Frenchman judged from what he saw; second, he evaluated what he saw in his own way, but didn’t notice the potential differences.4.Are misunderstandings that take place at the level of feelings the most serious ones? Why?Yes. Because misunderstandings at the level of feelings often come not from ill will, but from good will; besides, when misunderstandings at this level take place, we hurt another person's feelings without wanting to do it and without knowing that we are doing it.5. What had made the Japanese young man change his view about Americans?As the author points out, it is a question of different rhythms in interpersonal relationships between Americans and Japanese. Americans are the fast type and Japanese are the slow and life-long type.6. How many types of individualism are mentioned in this article? What are they?Four types of individualism are mentioned: different ideas of individualism among African people, American people, French people, and Mexican people.7. American and English people share a common language, but differences can also be found between them. How do they differ in their ideas of an ideal guest?Typically, for an American, the ideal guest is one who"makes himself at home, and helps himself without being asked. However, for the British, an ideal guest is one that seeks to be treated simply as a guest.8. What suggestions has the author offered us to deal with problems of communication across cultures?He suggests that we should first learn to appreciate the difference in cultural values, rather than seek to obtain more language skills or more information about the mores of a particular culture.Lesson31. Why did the author pretend not to hear his French sister-in-law’s question？Because he wasn’t exactly sure what she was asking，even though he knew she was referring to his two-and-a half-year-old son who was then chasing a ball on the beach.2. What differences are there between French and American child-rearing practices？The French perceive that humankind contains both good and evil，and that children therefore need the guiding hand of rational adults in order to prepare them to participate properly in society，to bring out the positive in them and to control their innate negative tendencies. Children must follow the rules. Americans, in contrast，tend to view humankind as basically good，and are consequently more tolerant of children finding their own way，learning from mistakes，trusting them to do what is right.3. How does the author present cultural perspectives？He presents cultural perspectives as a combination of perceptions，values，beliefs，and attitudes. They are the explicit and implicit meanings shared by members of the culture，manifested in products and practices. In a sense，cultural perspectives can explain why the people of a particular culture do things in the way they do.4.Is ‘’the American D ream＂a cultural perspective？Is it seen by Americans as myth or reality？Yes，it is. Whether it is myth or reality，different Americans may see it differently. Those who have really made it will see it as reality，but to those who have failed, it may be just myth.5.There is a maxim，”If you want to know about water，don’t ask a fish. ＂What is the point that it often makes when used in intercultural circles?Perspectives can be tacit or outside awareness. Members of a culture may not be aware of them .They usually take them for granted,thinking that is just the way things are.6.In the author’s view,what do strong emotional reactions usually signal?According to him, strong emotional reactions generally signal that an important cultural perspectives has been touched,called into question,or threatened in some way.7.What is worldview?Literally, worldwide is what it suggests:perceptions of all that surrounds one. The assumption underlying the notion of worldview is that of a unified, shared outlook on the world. Worldview is used most often to describe the fundamental perceptions shared by members of a culture. Perceptions,in other words, are the organizing element in culture.Beliefs,values,attitudes,practices,and products follow.8.How does an emic perspective differ from an etic perspective ?Emic perspectives are those articulated by members of the culture to explain themselves while etic perspectives are those of outsiders to the culture,who use their own criteria to explain the others culture.Lesson 61.According to the author, what is the applied significance of studying crossing-cultural communication?Due to increasing global migrations and cross-cultural, diplomacy, and personal relationships, we are more likely to be involved in cross-cultural communication. By examining interactions expectations in which habits and expectations about how to show what is meant by what is said are not shared, we can see how language works,which is harder to observe in the seamless surface of successful communication.2. When two strangers, an Athabaskan Indian and a non-Athabaskan, are sitting togethe silence mean to each person?The Athabaskan Indian may never notice there is a silence, as he considers it inappropriate to talk to strangers. However, the non-Athabaskan may find there is a silence between them, as he expects the Athabaskan Indian to talk but no words are exchanged.3.What can we learn from the author's personal experience in Greece? Itmakes us aware that there are different cultural conventions involved in exchanging compliments. People differ as to which compliments should be accepted and which deflected, and how. Moreover, we should not interpret the difference merely as personality characteristics.4.According to the article ,what may happen when two people with different styles of pacing and pausing are talking with each other?The slightly faster speaker will take a turn first, leaving fewer pauses for the slightly slower speaker to reply. The slightly faster one may accuse his counterpart of being silent and not sayingwhat's on his mind; while the slightly slower one may feel he has no chance to talk. Therefore, misunderstanding will arise and may even bring a conversation to an end.5.As for eye contact in the process of conversation, how do whites and blacks differ?When listening, the white participant will maintain eye contact; but they frequently broke their gaze when speaking. Blacks did the opposite.6.What does New Yorkers’”Wo w!＂or＂No kidding!”mean to Californians？New Yorkers show their attention and encouragement by shouting “Wow!”or “No kidding!＂But Californians don’t see such responses as a sign of attention and enthusiasm. In fact，they may be frightened and confused，and may even stop talking.7. What should an American businessman pay attention to when he is doing business with his Japanese counterpart？The American businessman must be aware that for his Japanese counterpart, elaborate “small talk＂is big and essential，furnishing the foundation for business dealings. Therefore，he should cater to the Japanese preference of small talk before actually doing any business.8.How do you understand Edward Hall’s assertion that“culture is communication”？Communication is culturally relative. People in different communities have different ways of using linguistic means to communicative ends，and their ways of talking，like other cultural patterns，define them as a community. Moreover, no two people have exactly the same communicative background. In this sense, all communication is cross-cultural，and thereforeculture is communication.ExplorationsDo you always talk with others about whatever you like to talk in the manner you prefer? In fact, talking is a cultural matter as well as a personal preference. As the author of the above text has said,all communication is cross-cultural. Can you find some more examples from your experiences of communication to further illustrate the point that communication is culturally relative?We can't always talk with others about whatever we like to talk in the manner we prefer. Certain things can only be talked about with certain people in a certain way. Some things may never be talked about in certain manners. In this aspect, every culture has its own norms. What can be talked about in a particular way in one culture may not be talked about in another culture. For instance, since there has never been a strong sense of privacy in China, people who know each other often feel free to ask questions about personal affairs without necessarily being offensive. It is often all right for us to ask a boy we know whether he has a girl friend and, if he has, whether she is beautiful. But asking a person from another culture the same question may embarrass them.Lesson91. Why is nonverbal communication considered the first form of human communication?In the evolutionary history of humanity, verbal communication is relatively recent, for human beings used nonverbal means such as posture, gestures, facial expressions long before they could use language to communicate with each other.2 Why do people tend to believe nonverbal messages more than verbal ones?Comparatively speaking, it is easier to lie verbally than nonverbally, for nonverbal communication systems are much less subject to the conscious deception that often occurs in verbal systems. Much of our nonverbal behavior is not easily controlled consciously and is relatively free of distortions and deception. It is difficult to control a blushing face when we are embarrassed or a clenched jaw when we are angry. Therefore it is generally assumed that nonverbal messages are more reliable than verbal ones.3.Are talking and listening two different things, separate from each other?Talking and listening are so intricately intertwined that a person cannot do one without the other. Even when one is alone and talking to oneself, there is part of the brain that speaks while another part listens.4.How can a listener influence the speaker in face-to-face communication?In face-to-face communication, the listener is never passive but is positively or negatively influencing the speaker all the time. The listener may even use his or her nonverbal behavior (e.g. laughing or frowning or a wave of his or her hand)to guide the conversation without consciously knowing it.5.Why might an American woman who has become used to life in France or Italy complain"No one ever really looks at me anymore" when she is back in the United States?Because in France or Italy, it is customary for men to gaze at women in public places, whereas in the U.S.A. this is considered ill mannered. So after an American woman has become used tobeing looked at in France or Italy, she may feel as if no one really looks at her at all when she is back in her home country.6.What made the wife from Italy feel that her husband from New England didn’t love her?When the wife was upset or anxious, the husband did not come to console her as she would do to him when he is unhappy. Instead his response was to withdraw completely and just leave her alone,.He gaveher no comfort, no affectionate embrace, no attention.Therefore she became convinced her husband didn’t love her at all and went to consult a psychiatrist. She did not realize that their problem wasn't basically psychological but cultural.7.Is communication sometimes a problem when we move around and meet strangers who speak the same language as we do? If it is, why? When meeting strangers, even if they speak the same language as we do, we may also find communication very difficult and complex, for they may still be socially and culturally very different from us. Sometimes things can be even more difficult for us because the fact that they speak the same language as ours might lead us to think we and they share a lot in common and communication with them will be comparatively easy.8. According to the author, what should overseas travelers do when they encounter difficulties in communication with local people? Overseas travelers should not feel exasperated and withdraw from foreign life. Instead they should begin to wonder what they must do to escape from making errors and doing all the wrong things, because this can be the beginning of a cultural wisdom which will lead to an understanding of the new culture.。

《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication Analysis?The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.??Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.??Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.??Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.??Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations.??Paper 3 Translation?Translate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.?What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.?But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.?To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication.??Paper 4 Reading?Passage 1 Questions 15-20?In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English!?Answer the following questions according to the above text:?15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph???Passage 2 Questions 21-27?Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that ofother companies. And many track the extent to which earnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-Scouter??Mark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.?Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.?21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.???答案及评分标准?Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

跨文化交际试题附答案Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant. Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love itLuke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They arediscussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrongTom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game It's a rather important experiment Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at LeedsUniversity in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the words.4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture,especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received the news that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations.Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC" This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems ofother countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology and social psychology, communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. Onelevel of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication.Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world as one in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman.Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee'Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man' What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'post man’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak EnglishAnswer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraphPassage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating StocksSince May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True T / False F / Not Given NG according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered underlined.Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述;“IC”实际上是自20世纪50年代以来在世界范围内发展起业的一门学术及应用学科;有时称为“跨文化交际”或“比较文化”,学者们大多使用“inter”这一前缀加上“文化”这个词来表述文化间的相互作用;在一个层面上,IC体现在文化研究上,研究其它国家的政治,经济和生活方式制度等;在另一个层面上,它是应用语言学,力求了解语言与文化的关系;20世纪80年代以来,许多中国英语教师和教授对此产生了浓厚兴趣一如何在英语教学中帮助学生同时了解英国,美国或其他英语国家基本的交际行为;但跨文化交际这门学科实际上是一门广泛且日益完善的研究领域;IC是涵盖如文化人类学、社会学、心理学及社会心理学、交际研究、应用语言学和教育学的跨学科应用;IC是了解人类文化以及它们间是如何相互影响的综合尝试;要了解跨文化交际,我们力图探究传统与现代,一致与变化;由于我们了解了某一民族现存的某些民族特色,我们便可以探究如何从外部审视这一文化,它是如何与其它文化相互影响的,又是如何变化的;在过去的30多年,学者们发展了用于比较文化的理论框架以及若干用于思考它们异同的实践领域;跨文化比较的一个层面是文化特性,另一层面是口头语言交际;还有一倍受关注的领域是非语言交际;Paper 4: ReadingPassage 115. D16. C17. The pronunciation of the final syllable of 'chairman' is /m'n/ as in the pronunciation of 'woman'.18. The author argues that the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant. OR: The author argues that the male meaning of 'man' is no longer 'dominant.19. The impact is more in formal and/or written language areas e. g. the media. Ordinary people still tend to use words ending in ' man'. Therefore In Informal language use there has been little or no impact.20. Regardless of language structure in any society, non-sexist language use does not mean change will occur if people's attitudes and behaviors do not change.Passage 2● Award one point for each item.● Answers must be the same as the key.21. F 22. F 23. T 24. T 25. T26. T 27. F。

《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical pianoconcert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received the news that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world as one in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Takethe word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postma n’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improvedupon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successfulcommunication or cultural understanding.?Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist,Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are havingdinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'lllove it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.? Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at aBritish university for some months. It has not been totally successful.They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job. Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure. Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is ascientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child' s play, and I'm playingthe game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather importantexperiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.? Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several thingsrequire more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problemsand explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were studentsafterlater, year A Britain. in University Leeds at together graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year'sexchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classicalpiano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up ontothe stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers duringthe playing of a particular musical item. This happened several timesduring the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stagesinging some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all thesequite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applaudedthe pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave whilethe pianist remained on the stage.?Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill thegap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spacesprovided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the words.?4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided onadifferent .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it wasdecided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still somethat needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people'srelationships in China.8. Mike! Meet Jane, the .9. Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know.10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face orhurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture,especially the system of which all members of the group areexpected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she receivedthe news that her husband had left her for another woman. 13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations.?Paper 3 Translation?Translate the following passage from English into Chinese. Pleasewrite your translation on the answer sheet.?What do we mean by Intercultural Communications or IC? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academicand applied discipline that has developed internationally since the1950s. Sometimes called cross-cultural communications or comparative culture , scholars most often use the prefix inter with the word cultural to describe the interaction between cultures.On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examinethe political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. Onanother level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek tounderstandthe relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese Englishteachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learnthe basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other Englishspeaking countries.?But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinaryapplication of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, appliedlinguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attemptto understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact witheach other.?To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek tounderstand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. Aswe understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people,we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how itinteracts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the lastthirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical frameworkconsideringfor dimensions practical some and cultures comparing for the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level ofcomparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving muchattention is Nonverbal Communication.?Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20?In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist biasin the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabularyand grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of theworld as one in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role.Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact applyto people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-orientedas it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairmanwere exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compoundof 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased toview this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed ofthese two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of 'cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman mightbe defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite suchconsiderations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitiveto the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive itas a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of womenin society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral termssuch as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to askquestions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?'Other changes advocated include the replacement of words suchas 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutralterms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer'.There is, however, continuing controversy about how far suchlanguagechanges should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idiomsas 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What aboutthose words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant,such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done somore in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postmanbeen?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here'postman' remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian andTurkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makesthroughits system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain thatmales who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speakEnglish!?Answer the following questions according to the above text:?15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' isgiven?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?? Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clientsusing a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid theconflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms,whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companiesbeing courted by their investment bankers.We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity, said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice presidentfor investment advice and products. While the development of thesystematicallyperformed being is analysis the human, is methodologyand automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks ina similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individualstocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over timehas not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as towhether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though,is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stockratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out verygenerously.People who run computerized selection systems criticizetraditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflictsof interest, as well as individual bias. I am very suspicious aboutopinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stockselection, said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely onthe selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factorsthat their developers believe have the greatest ability to predictshare prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earningsgrowth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to whichearnings have surprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems asmarketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on howa group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, asdo stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans,and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform themarket averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwabsystem or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-Scouter? Mark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG)according to the information provided in the text.?Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided forquestions.?21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better thanhumans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices. 答案及评分标准?Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

《跨文化交际》考试试卷Section I Listening Test[20points]Part1.Questions1-5are based on this part.(10points)You are going to listen to a panel discussion between two people on animal behavior.Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D for each question.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1.Madam Chair states that chimpanzee's altruism__________.A.is similar to that of beesB.may contain an element of self-interestC.is part of a group feeding systemD.is not a mutual-aid system2.Worker bees work hard looking for food for2or3weeks,__________.A.and then die,leaving no offspringB.and then feed their offspringC.but die before feeding their offspringD.and then produce their offspring3.Chimpanzees who don't do their share of grooming are__________by the group.A.criticizedB.acceptedC.exchangedD.rejected4.Male lions will cooperate in groups comprising__________.A.brothersB.brothers and sistersC.brothers and sisters and daughtersD.brothers and sisters and daughters and aunts5.Which of the following animals are being discussed in the conversation?A.bees,dogs,and lionsB.bees,chimpanzees,and fishC.bees,chimpanzees,and lions.D.chimpanzees,lions,and dogsPart2.Questions6-15are based on this part.(10points)You are going to listen to part of a lecture.As you listen,fill in the blanks with words from the lecture to complete the sentences that summarize the main points of the lecture.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Note:Each blank requires only ONE word.People communicate with one another all the time.Culture is regarded at the__6___of communication challenges and it influences how people__7___problems and participate in groups and in___8___.One definition of culture given in the lecture is that"Culture refers to a group with which we share common experiences that__9___how we understand the world."In the complex world,culture is one of the factors that act upon people.Anthropologists Keven Avruch and Peter Black explained that"culture provides the lens through which we view the world;the__10___by which we order it;the_11___by which the world makes sense."Since people coming from different cultural groups need to work together,cultural values sometimes__12___and misunderstanding arises.The speaker mentioned six patterns of cultural differences which include:different communication styles,attitudes toward conflict,approaches to___13____tasks,decision making styles,attitudes toward__14___,and approaches to knowing.When talking about communication style,the speaker introduced two aspects:verbal and non-verbal communication.Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions,__15___, seating arrangements,personal distance,and sense of time.This is the end of the Listening Test.Section II Communicative Competence[30points]Questions16-30:Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.16.Which of the following statements is TRUE of collectivism?__________A.Collectivist cultures are described as"I"cultures.B.Members of collectivist cultures value open discussion of disagreement.C.Uniformity and conformity are stressed in collectivist cultures.D.Collectivists tend to draw attention to themselves and express unique opinions.17.Just now I suddenly realized that I was totally to blame.I'll just have to face the music.The underlined part here means__________.A.to go to a concert and forget anything else by enjoying the musicB.to relax oneself by listening to the music aloneC.to accept responsibility for a mistakeD.to go to see the person who is in charge and ask what has gone wrong18.Which of the following statements is NOT true?__________A.Individualism can be traced to the philosophy of liberalism.B.The basic social unit in collectivist cultures is the autonomous self.C.Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism.D.Culture shock may occur at the individualist-collectivist divide,but the gap can be bridged.19.Bob is great!He always plays the game.The underlined part has the same meaning as __________.A.takes something as a game without caring too muchB.plays various gamesC.helps others when playing gamesD.behaves in a fair and honorable way20.Which of the following first names is shortened as"Bob"?__________A.RobertB.WilliamC.AlexanderD.Peter21.Which of the following statements is TRUE of the roots of English names?__________A."Forester"came from personal characteristics.B."Young"came from occupations.C."O'Patrick"came from family relationships.D."Butler"came from places.22.If you received an English invitation to a formal western banquet but could not attend it,what would be an appropriate action?__________A.Ask a friend to attend the banquet for you.B.Ask a colleague to phone a refusal.C.Accept the invitation but then not attend.D.Write a reply informing the host/hostess that you could not attend the banquet.23.Your American colleague has just had her hair dyed green.She is expecting your comment. What would you say appropriately?__________A."Your hair is as green as tree leaves."B."It looks good."C."It's too green.I don't like the color."D."It looks much better."24.Your classmate from Britain would like to borrow your computer this weekend.Unfortunately, you need to use it at the same time.How would you refuse the request politely?__________A."Well,why don't you borrow one from someone else?"B."Sorry,I cannot lend it to you."C."Yes,but you need to give it back to me as soon as possible."D."I'd love to,but I'm afraid I've got a lot of things to type up as well."25.Trying to explain rock music to your grandfather is just like dui niu tan qin(对牛弹琴)-playing violin to a bull.The corresponding English expression is__________.A.casting pearls before swineB.casting diamonds to a dogC.throwing pearls to a pigD.throwing diamonds to a goat26.Which of the following statements is TRUE of non-verbal communication?__________A.Non-verbal communication serves a variety of purposes.B.Non-verbal communication is less important than verbal communication.C.Since non-verbal communication is hard to interpret,it is important to reduce it to the minimum in cross-cultural communication.D.Non-verbal communication is not effective without verbal communication.27.The idiom"by the skin of one's teeth"means__________.A.very thinB.hard and flexibleC.only justD.one's sense of right and wrong28.What does the ring gesture(you form an"O"by holding the tip of your forefinger to the tip of your thumb)mean in Britain?__________A.Something is expensive.B.Something is good.C.Something is worthless.D.I will kill you.29.Which of the following statements is NOT true?__________A.Proxemics is the study governing how closely one person stands to another.B.All cultures draw lines between appropriate and inappropriate social distance for different relationships.C.Social distance has a wider range than public distance.D.The appropriateness of physical contact varies between cultures.30.If someone is said to be"economical with the truth",he/she__________A.has saved a lot of moneyB.does not tell the whole truthes very few wordsD.has recently diedSection III Reading Comprehension[30points]Part1.Questions31-35are based on Passage1.(10points)Passage1A handshake will be an acceptable greeting around the world.However,the strength,length,and duration of a handshake will vary by culture.Of course,Japanese will still bow to each other and it is advisable for foreign visitors to bow slightly when shaking hands.Mexicans who know each other will hug and East Europeans may kiss.In many European countries it is common to shake hands with everyone in the room before and after each business meeting.Business card exchanges are an important part of any international business meeting.Variations include where to keep your cards,which languages the card should be in,and what to do with the business card once you have received it.One rule to follow:Always bring five times more cards than you think you will need.To explore the nuances of business card exchange,we will examine the exchange as carried out by an American in Japan.First,the cards should be in English on one side and Japanese on the other.The Japanese side should have a logo or other marker.It is important that the company and title be prominently positioned.The cards should be kept in a card holder in the vest or jacket.Never keep the cards in a wallet or a pocketbook.The presentation of the card is done at the beginning of the meeting. Cards are presented with the giver's name(Japanese side)facing the recipient.The card can be delivered by one or preferably two hands accompanied by a slight bow.On receipt of a card,it should be studied carefully to determine the status of the person.Since meetings usually involve more than one person,each card received should be placed on the table,like an open deck of cards, in front of the recipient so that the executive can tell who he or she is speaking with.The recipient should avoid shuffling the cards,placing them in one's wallet,or writing on them in the presence of the giver.The business card is the symbolic embodiment of the organization;therefore it should be treated with the utmost respect.As a general rule,use people's titles on international business assignments.Learn the appropriate titles for each country.People with Ph.D.s should always be referred to as'Doctor'.In many countries,people will be referred to by their titles only.For example,"Chief Engineer,can you tell us how this operation works?"The use of first names in business also varies by country and age. Be alert to these differences.Questions31-35:Decide whether the following statements are true,false,or not mentioned according to the passage.Write T for"true",F for"false",and NM for"not mentioned"on the Answer Sheet._______31.Generally speaking,in Europe you should shake hands with everybody at the beginning and the end of a meeting._______32.You should always take at least five more business cards than you expect to need on your business trips._______33.In Japan,the person's status should be clearly given on the card._______34.It is acceptable for an American to note something down on a Japanese business card to remind him of the person who gave it to him._______35.The Japanese business card is more than just a reminder of who the person is.It also represents the company he works for.Part2.Questions36-40are based on Passage2.(10points)Passage2In an effort to get over culture shock,there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual.In addition to living in a physical environment,an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of manmade physical objects,social institutions,ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it.There is nothing in a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese,English,or French,nor that it should eat with a fork in its left hand rather than in the right,or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn.Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young.The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are,as far as the individual is concerned,beyond his/her awareness.It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.As we know,children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment.But once learned,culture becomes a way of life,the sure,familiar,largely automatic way of getting what you want from your environment and as such it also becomes a value. People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable.To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism,a belief that not only the culture but the race and nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group and its ways to the extent that any critical comment is taken as an affront to the individual as well as to the group.If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me.If you criticize me,you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.For instance,if an American does something odd or antisocial in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act,it is now considered a national trait.Instead of being censured as an individual,his country is censured.It is best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a characteristic of national groups.If a person criticizes some aspect of one's own culture,one should listen but not enter into criticisms.Questions36-40:Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.36.According to the passage,which of the following choices is NOT mentioned as an element in acultural environment?A.social institutionsB.beliefsC.historyD.physical objects37.What is the writer's stand about culture?A.Parents are responsible for transmitting culture to their children.B.Children are born with culture.C.Culture needs to be taught to young people.D.Culture builds up over time and guides young people to adjust to environment.38.According to the passage,what is NOT suggested by the writer as a symptom of ethnocentrism?A.Regarding cultures containing similar values as the best cultures.B.Regarding home culture is superior to other cultures.C.Identifying oneself with the group one comes from.D.Assuming other cultures do things likewise.39.What is the writer's attitude towards ethnocentrism in the article?A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.indifferent40.What does the word"censure"mean in the article?A.praiseB.criticizeC.evaluateD.judgePart3.Questions41-45are based on Passage3.(10points)Passage3The Chinese make a clear distinction between insiders and outsiders,and this distinction exists on all levels of interpersonal interaction.Insiders consist of people from two categories:automatic and selected.Automatic insiders include one's parents,siblings,relatives,colleagues,and classmates,whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.For example,a person is considered an insider at work after he or she has developed a special relationship by helping others and sharing information with others.The five common criteria of an insider are nice,trustworthy,caring,helpful,and empathetic.The distinction between an insider and an outsider provides specific rules of interaction in Chinese interpersonal relationships.Insiders often are treated differently from outsiders,and a person with insider status often enjoys privileges and special treatment beyond an outsider's comprehension. To illustrate,a Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider,but an outsider has to follow the rules.The insider-outsider distinction also involves moral implications.In the Chinese culture,moral judgments are not only cognitively but affectively based.Moral stands tend to vary from one relationship to another.Family-centered"insider"relationships have two important implications for relationshipdevelopment with strangers.First,as King and Bond argue,the importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system make it difficult to develop personal relationships with strangers.In the Chinese culture,the transformation from a wai ren(outsider)to a zi ji ren(insider)involves an arduous and time-consuming process,because personal relationships often take a long time to develop.After relationships have been established,however, they tend to stay very solid.As a result,in order to overcome the inherent difficulty in relationship development,intermediaries are widely used for social relationship construction.Second,the Chinese and other collectivistic cultures tend to be particularistic in their utilization of value standards toward in-groups and out-groups.This particularistic principle of interpersonal relationships hinders interactions with outsiders because value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups,and most Chinese don't feel knowledgeable about dealing with outsiders.Questions41-45:Answer the following questions briefly.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.41.According to the author,what are the five common criteria of an insider?42.How do automatic insiders differ from selected ones?43.What example does the author give to show that insiders are treated differently from outsiders?44.According to the author,what makes it difficult for a Chinese person to develop a personal relationship with a stranger?45.What might be an appropriate title for this passage?Section IV Communication Analysis[20points]The following are two cases of cross-cultural communication.In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon.Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Your analysis should be about100words for each case. You may organize your analysis in accordance with the following procedure:why did the people involved behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to each party in the case?Note:Your writing ability will be assessed.Case1(10points)Li Hong is a new teacher in a middle school.One day,one of her Chinese colleague Yang Zhen introduces her to their middle-aged foreign teacher Maggy.Yang:Li Hong,this is Maggy,our English teacher from America.And Maggy,this is Li Hong,our new colleague.Li and Maggy:How do you do?Maggy:Your sweater is so smart.Li:Oh,it is only an old one,I bought it last year.Maggy:You are so young and smart,I am sure you are a good teacher.Li:No,no.I am just a newcomer,I should learn from you old teachers.Maggy looks surprised and thinks,"I am really so old?"Question46:Why did Li and Maggy behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Li and Maggy to avoid miscommunication?Case2(10points)Li has returned to China after a year in the States.He marries his childhood sweetheart,who has never traveled and speaks very little English.Li's best friend in the States,Bob,comes to visit China for the first time and is introduced to Wang Lan,the new wife of his best friend."Gee,it's great to meet you",says Bob,"Li talked about you all the time back in Houston!",and kisses Wang Lan heartily on both cheeks.Wang Lan is shocked.Question47:Why did Bob and Wang Lan behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Bob and Wang Lan to avoid miscommunication?《跨文化交际》考试参考答案Section I Listening Test[20points]Part1.(10points,2points each.)1.B2.A3.D4.A5.CPart2.(10points,1point each.0.5point off for each misspelling.)6.root7.approachmunities9.shape10.logic11.grammar12.conflictpleting14.disclosure15.gesturesSection II Communicative Competence[30points](30points,2points each.)16.C17.C18.B19.D20.A21.C22.D23.B24.D25.A26.A27.C28.B29.C30.BSection III Reading Comprehension[30points]Part1.(10points.Award2points to each correct answer.)31.T32.F33.NM34.F35.TPart2.(10points.Award2points to each correct answer.)36.C37.D38.A39.C40.BPart3.(10points)Award2points to each correct answer.41.The five common criteria of an insider are nice,trustworthy,caring,helpful,and empathetic.42.Automatic insiders include one's parents,siblings,relatives,colleagues,and classmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.43.A Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider,but an outsider has to follow the rules.44.The importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system (or value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups).45.In-Groups and Out-Groups in China;Interpersonal Relations in China;Relating Foreigners in China,etc.Section IV Communication Analysis[30points]The sample answers given in this part are more detailed than required in order to lead you through the three steps.In the examination,the students'analysis for each case should be about100words. Question46.Case1(10points,1point for overall language quality.)1.Li Hong comes from a collectivist culture which emphasizes deference paid to people older than self and modesty displayed on the part of the young.Maggy comes from an individualistic culture which values assertiveness and free expression of feelings.(2points)2.As a young and new teacher,Li Hong showed her respect to Maggy with a formal greeting. When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself,Li reacted in a typical Chinese way by overusing modesty in front of a teacher older than her.She displayed her humbleness by saying that her sweater was an old one and she should learn from Maggy,an old teacher.Li's responses are perfect between Chinese people but terrible in cross-cultural situations like this.She did not realize that her expression of respect could be translated into offence since individualistic cultures do not associate as much deference with age as collectivistic cultures do.Therefore,Maggy, coming from an individualistic culture,was surprised when Li called her"old teacher".Maggy did not understand that the word"old"here meant as a compliment,meaning that she had richer teaching experience.Both Li Hong and Maggy communicated only from their cultural perspectives and thus caused miscommunication.(3points)3.To avoid miscommunication,Li Hong and Maggy should learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly.When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself, Li could simply reply"thank you".She could use her non-verbal language to show her respect to Maggy,for instance,with a smile,a handshake,etc.(2points)As to Maggy,she could use fewer complimentary words or more objective questions to reduce Li's nervousness.She should also understand that one of the key values in collectivism is deference paid to experience and old age. (2points)Question47.Case2(10points,1point for overall language quality.)1.Bob comes from an individualistic culture which features close body contact among personal relationships.Wang Lan comes from a collectivistic culture which does not feature open display of personal feelings through body contact.(2points)2.In the case,Bob treated Wang Lan as a close friend and greeted her in a typical western way with hearty kisses on her cheeks to display the close friendship.However,with little knowledge of western greeting etiquette,Wang Lan was shocked since Bob's"rude"behavior was not in line with the Chinese ways of expressing close friendship.In Chinese culture,a hearty handshake will serve the purpose.It is the contrast of Bob's open expression of closeness through close body contact and Wang Lan's indirectness in expressing her feelings that caused miscommunication.(3 points)3.To avoid miscommunication,Bob and Wang Lan need to learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly.Bob should ask Wang Lan if he could kiss her to express his friendship or he could shake hands with Wang Lan instead.(2points)Wang Lan needs to understand that the kisses were well meant and does not have to feel embarrassed or shocked.She could act more actively by extending her hand out first for a handshake rather than behave passively.(2points)。

《跨文化社交》考试一试卷Section I Listening Test[20 points]Part 1. Questions 1- 5 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to a panel discussion between two people on animal behavior. Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D for each question. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. Madam Chair states that chimpanzee's altruism __________.A. is similar to that of beesB. may contain an element of self-interestC. is part of a group feeding systemD. is not a mutual-aid system2.Worker beeswork hard looking for food for 2 or 3 weeks, __________. A.and then die, leaving no offspringB. and then feed their offspringC. but die before feeding their offspringD. and then produce their offspring3.Chimpanzees who don't do their share of grooming are __________ by the group.A.criticizedB.acceptedC.exchangedD.rejected4.Male lions will cooperate in groups comprising __________. A.brothersB. brothers and sistersC. brothers and sisters and daughtersD. brothers and sisters and daughters and aunts5.Which of the following animals are being discussed in the conversation?A.bees,dogs, and lionsB.bees,chimpanzees, and fishC.bees,chimpanzees, and lions.D.chimpanzees , lions, and dogsPart 2. Questions 6-15 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to part of a lecture. As you listen, fill in the blanks with words from the lecture to complete the sentences that summarize the main points of the lecture. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. Note: Each blank requires only ONE word.People communicate with one another all the time. Culture is regarded at the __6___ of communication challenges and it influences how people __7___ problems and participate in groups and in ___8___.One definition of culture given in the lecture is that "Culture refers to a group with which we share common experiences that __9___ how we understand the world."In the complex world, culture is one of the factors that act upon people. Anthropologists Keven Avruch and Peter Black explained that "culture provides the lens through which we view the world; the __10___ by which we order it; the _11___ by which the world makes sense."Since people coming from different cultural groups need to work together, cultural values sometimes __12___ and misunderstanding arises.The speaker mentioned six patterns of cultural differences which include: different communication styles, attitudes toward conflict, approaches to ___13____ tasks, decision making styles, attitudes toward __14___, and approaches to knowing.When talking about communication style, the speaker introduced two aspects: verbal and non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, __15___, seating arrangements, personal distance, and senseof time.This is the end of the Listening Test.Section II Communicative Competence[30 points]Questions 16-30: Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.16. Which of the following statements is TRUE of collectivism? __________A. Collectivist cultures are described as "I" cultures.B. Members of collectivist cultures value open discussion of disagreement.C. Uniformity and conformity are stressedin collectivist cultures.D. Collectivists tend to draw attention to themselves and expressunique opinions.17.Just now I suddenly realized that I was totally to blame. I'll just have to face the music. The underlined part here means __________.A.to go to a concert and forget anything else by enjoying the musicB.to relax oneself by listening to the music aloneD. to go to seethe person who is in charge and ask what has gone wrong18. Which of the following statements is NOT true? __________A.Individualism can be traced to the philosophy of liberalism.B.The basic social unit in collectivist cultures is the autonomous self.C. Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism.D. Culture shock may occur at the individualist-collectivist divide, but the gap can be bridged.19. Bob is great! He always plays the game. The underlined part has the same meaning as__________.A.takes something as a game without caring too muchB.plays various gamesC.helps others when playing gamesD.behavesin a fair and honorable way20. Which of the following first names is shortened as "Bob"? __________A.RobertB.WilliamC.AlexanderD.Peter21. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the roots of English names? __________A."Forester" came from personal characteristics.B."Young" came from occupations.C."O'Patrick" came from family relationships.D. "Butler" came from places.22.If you received an English invitation to a formal western banquet but could not attend it, what would be an appropriate action? __________A. Ask a friend to attend the banquet for you.B. Ask a colleague to phone a refusal.C. Accept the invitation but then not attend.D. Write a reply informing the host/hostessthat you could not attend the banquet.23.Your American colleague has just had her hair dyed green. She is expecting your comment. What would you say appropriately? __________A. "Your hair is as green as tree leaves."24.Your classmate from Britain would like to borrow your computer this weekend. Unfortunately, you need to use it at the same time. How would you refuse the request politely? __________A. "Well, why don't you borrow one from someone else?"B. "Sorry, I cannot lend it to you."C. "Yes, but you need to give it back to me as soon as possible."D. "I'd love to, but I'm afraid I've got a lot of things to type up as well."25. Trying to explain rock music to your grandfather is just like dui niu tan qin ( 对牛弹琴)-playing violin to a bull. The corresponding English expression is __________. A.casting pearls before swineB. casting diamonds to a dogC. throwing pearls to a pigD. throwing diamonds to a goat26. Which of the following statements is TRUE of non-verbal communication? __________A. Non-verbal communication serves a variety of purposes.B. Non-verbal communication is less important than verbal communication.C. Since non-verbal communication is hard to interpret, it is important to reduce it to the minimum in cross-cultural communication.D. Non-verbal communication is not effective without verbal communication.27.The idiom "by the skin of one's teeth" means __________.A. very thinB. hard and flexibleC. only justD. one'ssenseof right and wrong28.What does the ring gesture (you form an "O" by holding the tip of your forefinger to the tip of your thumb) mean in Britain? __________A.Something is expensive.B.Something is good.C.Something is worthless.D.I will kill you.29. Which of the following statements is NOT true? __________A. Proxemics is the study governing how closely one person standsto another.B. All cultures draw lines between appropriate and inappropriate social distance for different relationships.C. Social distance has a wider range than public distance.D. The appropriateness of physical contact varies between cultures.30.If someone is said to be "economical with the truth", he/she __________A. has saveda lot of moneyB.does not tell the whole truthC. usesvery few wordsD. has recently diedSection III Reading Comprehension[30 points]Part 1. Questions 31- 35 are based on Passage1. (10 points)A handshake will be an acceptable greeting around the world. However, the strength, length, and duration of a handshake will vary by culture. Of course, Japanesewill still bow to each other and it is advisable for foreign visitors to bow slightly when shaking hands. Mexicans who know eachother will hug and East Europeans may kiss. In many European countries it is common to shake hands with everyone in the room before and after each businessmeeting.Business card exchanges are an important part of any international business meeting. Variations include where to keep your cards, which languages the card should be in, and what to do with the business card once you have received it. One rule to follow: Always bring five times more cards than you think you will need. To explore the nuances of business card exchange, we will examine the exchange as carried out by an American in Japan.First, the cards should be in English on one side and Japanese on the other. The Japanese side should have a logo or other marker. It is important that the company and title be prominently positioned. The cards should be kept in a card holder in the vest or jacket. Never keep the cards in a wallet or a pocketbook. The presentation of the card is done at the beginning of the meeting.Cards are presented with the giver's name (Japanese side) facing the recipient. The card can be delivered by one or preferably two hands accompanied by a slight bow. On receipt of a card, it should be studied carefully to determine the status of the person. Since meetings usually involve more than one person, each card received should be placed on the table, like an open deck of cards, in front of the recipient so that the executive can tell who he or she is speaking with. The recipient should avoid shuffling the cards, placing them in one's wallet, or writing on them in the presence of the giver. The business card is the symbolic embodiment of the organization; therefore it should be treated with the utmost respect.As a general rule, use people's titles on international business assignments. Learn the appropriate titles for each country. People with Ph.D.s should always be referred to as 'Doctor'. In many countries, people will be referred to by their titles only. For example, "Chief Engineer, can you tell us how this operation works?" The use of first names in business also varies by country and age. Be alert to these differences.Questions 31-35: Decide whether the following statements are true, false, or not mentioned according to the passage. Write T for "true", F for "false", and NM for "not mentioned" on the Answer Sheet._______31. Generally speaking, in Europe you should shake hands with everybody at the beginning and the end of a meeting._______32. You should always take at least five more business cards than you expect to need on your business trips._______33. In Japan, the person's status should be clearly given on the card._______34. It is acceptable for an American to note something down on a Japanesebusiness cardto remind him of the person who gave it to him._______35. The Japanesebusiness card is more than just a reminder of who the person is. It also representsthe company he works for.Part 2. Questions 36-40 are based on Passage2. (10 points)Passage2In an effort to get over culture shock, there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual. In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of manmade physical objects, social institutions, ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it. There is nothing in a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese, English, or French, nor that it should eat with a fork in its left hand rather than in the right, or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn. Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which theytransmit to their young. The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are, as far as the individual is concerned, beyond his/her awareness. It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.As we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment. But once learned, culture becomes a way of life, the sure, familiar, largely automatic way of getting what you want from your environment and as such it also becomes a value.People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable. To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group and its ways to the extent that any critical comment is taken as an affront to the individual as well as to the group. If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me. If you criticize me, you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics. For instance, if an American does something odd or antisocial in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, it is now considered a national trait.Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured. It is best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a characteristic of national groups. If a person criticizes some aspect of one's ownculture, one should listen but not enter into criticisms.Questions 36-40: Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.36. According to the passage,which of the following choices is NOT mentioned as an element in acultural environment?A.social institutionsB.beliefsC.historyD.physical objects37. What is the writer's stand about culture?A. Parentsare responsible for transmitting culture to their children.B. Children are born with culture.C. Culture needs to be taught to young people.D. Culture builds up over time and guides young people to adjust to environment.38.According to the passage, what is NOT suggested by the writer as a symptom of ethnocentrism?A. Regarding cultures containing similar values as the best cultures.B. Regarding home culture is superior to other cultures.39. What is the writer's attitude towards ethnocentrism in the article?A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.indifferent40.What does the word "censure" mean in the article?A. praiseB. criticizeC. evaluateD. judgePart 3. Questions 41- 45 are based on Passage3. (10 points)Passage3The Chinese make a clear distinction between insiders and outsiders, and this distinction exists on all levels of interpersonal interaction. Insiders consist of people from two categories: automatic and selected. Automatic insiders include one's parents, siblings, relatives, colleagues, andclassmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at workor elsewhere. For example, a person is considered an insider at work after he or she has developeda special relationship by helping others and sharing information with others. The five common criteria of an insider are nice, trustworthy, caring, helpful, and empathetic.The distinction between an insider and an outsider provides specific rules of interaction in Chinese interpersonal relationships. Insiders often are treated differently from outsiders, and a person with insider status often enjoys privileges and special treatment beyond an outsider's comprehension. To illustrate, a Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider, but an outsider has to follow the rules. The insider-outsider distinction also involves moral implications. In the Chinese culture, moral judgments are not only cognitively but affectively based. Moral standstendto vary from one relationship to another.Family-centered "insider" relationships have two important implications for relationshipdevelopment with strangers. First, as King and Bond argue, the importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system make it difficult to develop personal relationships with strangers. In the Chinese culture, the transformation from a wai ren (outsider) to a zi ji ren (insider) involves an arduous and time-consuming process, because personal relationships often take a long time to develop. After relationships have been established, however, they tend to stay very solid. As a result, in order to overcome the inherent difficulty in relationship development, intermediaries are widely used for social relationship construction. Second, the Chinese and other collectivistic cultures tend to be particularistic in their utilization of value standards toward in-groups and out-groups. This particularistic principle of interpersonal relationships hinders interactions with outsiders becausevalue standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups, and most Chinese don't feel knowledgeable about dealing with outsiders.Questions 41-45: Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.41.According to the author, what are the five common criteria of an insider?42.How do automatic insiders differ from selected ones?43. What example does the author give to show that insiders are treated differently from outsiders?44. According to the author, what makes it difficult for a Chinese person to develop a personal relationship with a stranger?45. What might be an appropriate title for this passage?Section IV Communication Analysis[20 points]The following are two cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding. Your analysis should be about 100 words for each case. You may organize your analysis in accordance with the following procedure: why did the people involved behave so from the cultural perspective? What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggestto each party in the case?Note: Your writing ability will be assessed.Case 1 (10 points)Li Hong is a new teacher in a middle school. One day, one of her Chinese colleague Yang Zhen introduces her to their middle-aged foreign teacher Maggy.Yang: Li Hong, this is Maggy, our English teacher from America. And Maggy, this is Li Hong, ournew colleague.Li and Maggy: How do you do?Maggy: Your sweateris so smart.Li: Oh, it is only an old one, I bought it last year.Maggy: You are so young and smart, I am sure you are a good teacher.Li: No, no. I am just a newcomer, I should learn from you old teachers.Maggy looks surprised and thinks, "I am really so old?"Question 46: Why did Li and Maggy behave so from the cultural perspective? What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case? What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Li and Maggy to avoid miscommunication?Case 2 (10 points)Li has returned to China after a year in the States. He marries his childhood sweetheart, who has never traveled and speaks very little English. Li's best friend in the States, Bob, comes to visit China for the first time and is introduced to Wang Lan, the new wife of his best friend."Gee, it's great to meet you", says Bob, "Li talked about you all the time back in Houston!" , and kisses Wang Lan heartily on both cheeks. Wang Lan is shocked.Question 47: Why did Bob and Wang Lan behave so from the cultural perspective? What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case? What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Bob and Wang Lan to avoid miscommunication?《跨文化社交》考试参照答案[20 points]Section I Listening TestPart 1. (10 points, 2 points each.)Part 2. (10 points, 1 point each. 0.5 point off for each misspelling.)6.root7.approachmunities9.shape10.logic11.grammar12.conflictpleting14.disclosure15.gesturesSection II Communicative Competence [30 points](30 points, 2 points each.)16. C 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. A21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. A26. A 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. BSection III Reading Comprehension [30 points]31.T32.F33.NM34.F35.TPart 2. (10 points. Award 2 points to each correct answer.)36. C37.D38.A39.C40.BPart 3. (10 points) Award 2 points to each correct answer.41.The five common criteria of an insider are nice, trustworthy, caring, helpful, and empathetic.42.Automatic insiders include one's parents, siblings, relatives, colleagues, and classmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.43.A Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider, but an outsider has to follow the rules.44. The importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system (or value standardsapplied to in-groups may not be readily adaptedto out-groups).45.In-Groups and Out-Groups in China; Interpersonal Relations in China; Relating Foreigners in China, etc.Section IV Communication Analysis[30 points]The sample answers given in this part are more detailed than required in order to lead you through the three steps.In the examination, the students' analysis for each caseshould be about 100 words. Question 46.Case 1 (10 points, 1 point for overall language quality.)1.Li Hong comes from a collectivist culture which emphasizes deference paid to people older than self and modesty displayed on the part of the young. Maggy comes from an individualistic culture which values assertivenessand free expression of feelings. (2 points)2.As a young and new teacher, Li Hong showed her respect to Maggy with a formal greeting. When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself, Li reacted in a typical Chinese way by overusing modesty in front of a teacher older than her. She displayed her humbleness by saying that her sweater was an old one and she should learn from Maggy, an old teacher. Li's responsesare perfect between Chinese people but terrible in cross-cultural situations like this. She did not realize that her expression of respect could be translated into offence since individualistic cultures do not associate as much deference with age as collectivistic cultures do. Therefore, Maggy, coming from an individualistic culture, was surprised when Li called her "old teacher". Maggy did not understand that the word "old" here meant as a compliment, meaning that she had richer teaching experience. Both Li Hong and Maggy communicated only from their cultural perspectives and thus caused miscommunication. (3 points)3.To avoid miscommunication, Li Hong and Maggy should learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly. When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself, Li could simply reply "thank you". She could use her non-verbal language to show her respect to Maggy, for instance, with a smile, a handshake, etc. (2 points) As to Maggy, she could use fewer complimentary words or more objective questions to reduce Li's nervousness. She should also understand that one of the key values in collectivism is deference paid to experience and old age. (2 points)Question 47.Case 2 (10 points, 1 point for overall language quality.)1. Bob comes from an individualistic culture which features close body contact among personal relationships. Wang Lan comes from a collectivistic culture which does not feature open display of personal feelings through body contact. (2 points)2.In the case, Bob treated Wang Lan as a close friend and greeted her in a typical western way with hearty kisses on her cheeks to display the close friendship. However, with little knowledge of western greeting etiquette, Wang Lan was shocked since Bob's "rude" behavior was not in line with the Chinese ways of expressing close friendship. In Chinese culture, a hearty handshake willserve the purpose. It is the contrast of Bob's open expression of closeness through close body contact and Wang Lan's indirectness in expressing her feelings that caused miscommunication. (3 points)3.To avoid miscommunication, Bob and Wang Lan need to learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly. Bob should ask Wang Lan if he could kiss her to express his friendship or he could shake hands with Wang Lan instead. (2 points) Wang Lan needs to understand that the kisses were well meant and does not have to feel embarrassedor shocked. She could act more actively by extending her hand out first for a handshake rather than behave passively.(2 points)。

大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（四）I. Multiple Choice (20 points, 2 points each)Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement.1.______ refers to hostile words and/or actions that people say or do against a certain groupbecause that group is different.A. Hate speechB. Betrayal speechC. Patriotic speechD. Academic Speech2._____ style focuses on the speaker and role relationships. People with such communicationstyle stress high power distance. This style is popular in collectivist and high-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate3._____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or incertain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect4.The _________ refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture; in anotherword, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e., the ability to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context.A. intercultural competenceB. social competenceC. communication competenceD. cultural competence5.__________ stresses that it is important that others’ behavior is no longer evaluated as goodor bad, as viewed through the filtering cultural lenses, but that people have different approaches to different people.A. EthnocentrismB. EthnologyC. EthnorelativityD. Ethnopsychology6._________ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture whilemaintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. IntegrationC. Cultural identityD. Acculturation7._________ refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not having any psychological contactwith the larger society.A. MarginalizationB. AcculturationC. Culture shockD. Separation and segregation8._________ refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter whenentering a different society.A. DissimilationB. AssimilationC. IntegrationD. Culture shock9.__________ refers to the specific behaviors through which individuals’ capacity to expresscognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown.A. The cognitive competenceB. The motive competenceC. The behavioral competenceD. The affective competence10._____ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eye contact.A. ChromaticsB. OlfacticsC. HapticsD. KinesicsII. Terms (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: There are five terms in this section. Try to explain the following terms in your own words. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.11.Culture Merge12.Chronemics13.Proxemicspetent Communication15.ConfucianismIII. Case Analysis (20 points, 5 points each)Directions: In this section you are supposed to analyze the following cases from the perspective of intercultural communication. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.16.In 1979, the Shah of Iran was admitted to the United States for medical reasons. TheIranians reacted by holding all the diplomatic personnel hostage in the embassy in Iran. The secretary of state was Henry Kissinger, and the president was Jimmy Carter. The United States took the position that the Iranians should not be upset with the Shah being allowed into the United States for the humanitarian reason of medical need. The Shah had been a friend to the United States and the United States to the Shah; therefore, the U.S government felt a certain obligation to Shah. The revolution in Iran was based on Islamic religious assumptions.17.A U.S. American woman executive is sent to negotiate a contract with a corporation in SaudiArabia. She dresses conservatively in a dark business suit and completes her makeup and hair as she would in the United States. She finds the Arabs to be very aloof. She is asked when her boss will be arriving and is basically feeling ignored.18.A group of high-powered businessmen from New York arrived in Mexico City to give apresentation. They had timed detailed agendas; a long contract; and specific plans for a joint venture. They distributed the materials, said they were pressed for time, and needed to complete the meeting so they could catch their plane. The Mexicans sat very quietly during the presentation. After the presentation, the New Yorkers on their way home congratulated themselves on their success. The Mexicans, however, felt they would not be able to work with these New Yorkers.19.Ching Lee was transferred by his Asian firm to assume a managerial position in a largeautomobile production plant in the United States. In his first report to his supervisor, he expressed concern that U.S workers were not giving him the proper respect.IV. Answer the following questions. (30 points, 5 points each)Directions: In this section you are supposed to answer the following questions with the knowledge of intercultural communication. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.20.What are the characteristics of subgroups?21.What are the possible reasons for culture shock?22.What do you think that “communication is irreversible”?23.What are reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotypes, prejudice and racism?24.What are the requirements for intercultural competence concerning language?25.What are the functions of nonverbal communication?V. English —— Chinese Translation (30 points, 3 points each)Directions: In this section you are supposed to translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.In China it is relatively usual to ask people their age, but in the West this question is generally regarded as impolite. 26. This is particularly true of women, and even more so if the inquirer is a man.27. However , it is very normal to ask children their age , and some adults may not mind being asked either. 28. In fact , some elderly people are quite happy to reveal their age, especially if they feel they look young for their age. Nevertheless, it is not very wise to ask a direct question like ‘How old are you? ’ If elderly people want to talk about their age , and perhaps receive a compliment on how young they look, they may easily bring up the topic themselves, and ask the other person to guess how old they are. In such a situation, it is quite acceptable to discuss age freely. 29. They normally expect to be complimented on their youthfulness, though , rather than to be told that they look very old.Even though Westerners do not usually ask people direct how old they are, this does notmean that they are not interested to know how old other people are. They may ask someone else for the information, or else they may try to approach the topic indirectly. 30. Sometimes discussion about educational background and the years of working experience may provide some clues, but this is not always the case.。

大学英语跨文化交际双语课程1大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一）I. Multiple Choice (20 points, 2 points each)Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D, choose the ONE that best completes the statement.1.The United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants each year and has beenreferred to as a melting-pot society. This trend can reflect the theory of _____.A. macrocultureB. microcultureC. globalizationD. modernization2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This casereflects the _______ characteristic of subgroup.A. deviant labelB. temporalityC. wanna-be behaviorD. unexamined3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from______ perspective.A. anthropologicB. intellectualC. socialD. psychological4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, wouldbe termed _________.A. interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC. international communicationD. interpersonal communication5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similarhabits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that_______.A. Human nature is evil but perfectible.B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil.C. Human nature is good but corruptible.D. None of the above.6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture thathe gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called_____.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his firstweek in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot.Liming is in_____ stage of culture shock.A. honeymoonB. crisisC. reintegrationD. gradual adjustment8._____ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.A. DecodingB. ChannelC. EncodingD. Source9._____ refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.A. NoiseB. MessageC. SourceD. Context10._____ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge andto which the source attends and assigns meaning.A. ReceiverB. DecodingC. EncodingD. FeedbackII. Terms (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: There are five terms in this section. Try to explain the following terms in your own words. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.11.Intercultural communication12.Culture (from intercultural communication perspective)13.Norms14.Acculturation15.EuphemismDirections: In this section you are supposed to analyze the following cases from the perspective of intercultural communication. Then write down the answers on the AnswerSheet.16.At a reception for a U.S. political candidate, the guests appear to be divided into groups.People in some groups are all African Americans, others are Latin Americans; and others are Asians. Explain the cultural phenomena that are operating at this political gathering.17.The U.S. automotive manufacturers have complained about Japanese automotive imports andthat the U.S. car firms are locked out of the Japanese market. The Japanese have countered that the U.S. firms have not done their homework; they offer cars that are too big or are not fuel efficient. While U.S. car sales have decreased in the United States, Japanese car sales have increased. Japanese manufacturers have begun to assemble cars in the United States;many U.S. firms are moving part of their operations to Mexico. Discuss the implications to these firms as they globalize.18.The United States has globalized faster than it has paid attention to mindsets that differ fromU.S. mindset. The world is connected by news satellites, and that allowed the Gulf War Crisis to be viewed as it unfolded ----- the world literally watched the war happen. Explain how the world and public opinion have been affected by mass media, including how world negotiations have changed for governments, diplomats, politicians, and businesses.19.The origin of the hand salute is uncertain. Some historians believe it began in late Romantimes when assassinations were common. A citizen who wanted to see a public official had to approach with his right hand raised to show that he did not hold a weapon. Knights in armor raised visors with the right hand when meeting a comrade.The practice gradually became a way of showing respect and, in early American history, sometimes involved removing the hat.By 1820, the motion was modified to touch the hat, and since then it has become the hand salute used today.Directions: In this section you are supposed to answer the following questions with the knowledge of intercultural communication. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.20.What are the elements contributing to the globalization?21.How is culture learned?22.What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?23.What shall be considered in planning business messages?24.How have been individualism and collectivism associated with direct and indirect styles ofcommunication?25.Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.V. English –Chinese Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: In this section you are supposed to translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.26. American restaurant customs are somewhat different from those in other countries. Elsewhere , it may be appropriate to get a waiter or waitress’ attention by calling, whistling , or snapping the fingers. 27. In America, you put up a finger to catch his or her eye. In many parts of the world a fixed service charge is added to restaurant bills. 28. In most American restaurants it is common to tip the waiter or waitress about 15% of the total bill. If the service was very good, you should leave a larger tip. If it was bad, you should leave less. 29. The tip is usually left on thetable , but you can also give it directly to the waiter or waitress. In better restaurants you pay your bill through the waitress or waiter. 30. In inexpensive ones, you pay at the cash register. Finally , if you are not able to finish your fo od, it is perfectly acceptable to ask for a “doggie bag” for the extra food.。

高中地理教材编写特点及应用浅析高中地理教材编写的特点是相对于初中地理教材更加深入和专业化。

高中生已经具备较为全面的大地理视野和基础知识，需要更高层次、更丰富、更系统化的知识。

因此，高中地理教材编写特别注重以下几个方面的应用。

一、注重框架梳理与重点突出高中地理教材要对地理学科基本理论给予透彻、深入的探究，注重地理概念的梳理与精炼，重点突出各个地理领域的前沿和热点问题的探究。

依照国家课程标准的要求，将地理知识框架进行科学、系统的建构和重建，体现主题和重心。

在教材编写过程中，要特别关注学生的实际需求和未来志向，使之符合信息时代的发展和用人需求。

二、加强实践运用与实证研究高中地理教材编写应该充分考虑学生的应用能力，使之学会在实践中认识和理解地理，融入实证研究的精神和方法，提高学生的创新思维和实践能力。

在注重学生基础知识和思维能力的同时，应该注重将理论知识与实际应用相结合，引导学生走进实验室和野外，亲身感受地理科学与技术在社会发展中的实际互动作用，并积极促进学生对地理问题的创新思考和研究。

三、注重跨学科融合现代地理学已逐步从独立的自然科学向普适的综合性学科转变，需要加强与其他学科的交叉与整合。

因此，高中地理教材编写要注重跨学科的融合，使之与社会科学、自然科学、工程技术学、地球科学等其他学科相关联，实现横向扩展和纵向深入。

四、加强案例教学与实际应用高中地理教材编写应该充分发挥案例教学的作用，重点突出国内外的案例，积极引导学生研究各地的地理数据与实际情况，并根据案例进行实际应用和解决问题，注重考查和评估学生的综合能力和实践操作能力。

五、人本关怀理念在高中地理教材编写中，应该贯彻人本关怀理念，从学生的兴趣、需求、优势、特长等方面入手，以学生为中心，注重培养学生学习主体能力和实践运用能力。

并且，要将地理知识的实用性与人文关怀做平衡，注重地理知识的人文内涵和价值观念的培养，丰富学生的思想和情感。

综上所述，高中地理教材编写应该发挥地理学科的学术优势和应用实践特点，尊重学生的发展规律和需求，使之符合现代科技和信息时代的发展要求，为培养具有国际竞争力和社会责任感的高素质人才提供坚实的理论和实践基础。

期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案一、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下面短文，并根据文章内容选择正确答案。

Passage 1Communication styles and norms differ significantly between cultures, and understanding these differences is essential for successful cross-cultural communication.In some cultures, such as the United States and Canada, direct communication is highly valued. People tend to speak their mind openly and directly, even if it means disagreeing with others. They believe in being straightforward and assertive.On the other hand, in many Asian cultures, such as Japan and China, indirect communication is the norm. People are more likely to hint at what they mean rather than stating it outright. They often use nonverbal cues and context to convey their messages. This communication style values harmony and maintaining face.When engaging in cross-cultural communication, it is important to be aware of these differences and adjust your communication style accordingly. If you are from a direct communication culture, you may need to be more sensitive to nonverbal cues when interacting with individuals from an indirect communication culture.1. According to the passage, direct communication is highly valued in which cultures?A. Asian culturesB. United States and CanadaC. European culturesD. African cultures2. What is the communication style in Japan and China?A. Direct communicationB. Indirect communicationC. Nonverbal communicationD. Contextual communication参考答案：1. B2. B二、交际用语（共10分）根据对话情境和所给选项，选择恰当的答案完成对话。