2018年高考真题全国Ⅲ卷(含答案)

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文（全国卷III）注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的XX、XX号填写在答题卡上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、现代文阅读（一）论述类文本阅读阅读下面的文字，完成下列小题。

对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存、创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间、多样性与共同性之间、稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐，过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征。

当代城市社会，尤其需要关注以下文明弹性问题。

其一，空间弹性。

城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。

任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一、具体转换。

片面地强调空间的公共性或片面地强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础，目前，人们更多地要求空间的私人性，注重把空间固化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。

这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市发展的一个重要原因。

其二，制度弹性，一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。

城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力，而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。

但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题；即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。

过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足，走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展。

2018年高考全国卷Ⅲ文综地理真题(含答案)-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试（地理）一、选择题：本题共35小题，每小题4分，共140分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合要求的。

油纸伞足我国非物质文化遗产，采用传统方法，全手工制作，油纸伞以竹为骨，以纸或丝绸为面，刷桐油以增强韧性并防水，但长期置于干燥环境中易变脆、开裂。

近年来。

油纸伞走俏国际市场。

据此完成1～2题。

1．与现代钢骨布面伞相比，油纸伞走俏国际市场依赖的主要优势是A．携带方便B．适用地广C．文化蕴涵D．经久耐用2．下列地区中，宜作为油纸伞重点推销市场的是A．欧洲西部B．中亚C．中东 D．撒哈拉以南非洲大别山区某国家级贫国县农民可分为跨村种田大户农民、种植自家承包地农民、本地务工务农兼业农民和常年外出务工农民等类型，该县以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业在县城活力较弱，但在中心集镇活力较强，图1示意该县居民点的等级结构，据此完成3～5题。

图13．与县城相比，中心集镇以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业活力较强的主要原因是A．基础设施较完善B．更接近消费市场C．资金供应较充裕D．更易招募劳动力4．面向某类型农民的需求，有专家建议在该县推进“村—中心集镇双栖”居住模式，这种模式旨在方便该类型农民A．从事商业活动B．留守子女上学C．兼顾务工务农D．扩大种田规模5．为了实施乡村振兴战略，带领农民脱贫致富，该国家级贫困县可采取的有效措施是①推广大规模机械化种植②鼓励外出务工农民回乡创业③引导传统农民多种经营④推进中心集镇房地产开发A．①②B．②③C．③④D．①④贝加尔湖（图2）是世界上最深的湖泊，监测表明湖水深度还在加大。

贝加尔湖湖底沉积物巨厚，可达8千米。

据此完成6～8题。

6．贝加尔湖形成于A．地壳断陷集水B．火山口集水C．河流改道D．滑坡阻断河流7．贝加尔湖湖底沉积物巨厚，且湖水深度还在加大，说明A．湖区降水量加大B．入湖径流增多C．湖盆在加深D．入湖泥沙增多8．贝加尔湖湖水更新缓慢的主要原因是A．湖面蒸发弱B．湖泊面积大C．湖水盐度低D．湖水深度大澳大利亚（图3）某地区降水稀少，自然景观极度荒凉，气温年较差大，夏季最高气温可达50℃，冬季气温较低。

2018年高考理科数学全国卷3(含答案与解析) 数学试卷 第1页（共20页） 数学试卷 第2页（共20页）绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(课标全国卷Ⅲ)理科数学本试卷满分150分,考试时间120分钟.第Ⅰ卷(选择题 共60分)一、选择题：本题共12小题,每小题5分,共60分.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的.1.已知集合{10}A x x =-∣≥,{0,1,2}B =,则A B = ( )A .{0}B .{1}C .{1,2}D .{0,1,2} 2.()(1i 2i)+-=( )A .3i --B .3i -+C .3i -D .3i +3.中国古建筑借助榫卯将木构件连接起来.构件的凸出部分叫榫头,凹进部分叫卯眼,图中木构件右边的小长方体是榫头.若如图摆放的木构件与某一带卯眼的木构件咬合成长方体,则咬合时带卯眼的木构件的俯视图可以是( )ABC D 4.若1sin 3α=,则cos2α=( )A .89B .79C .79-D .89-5.252()x x+的展开式中4x 的系数为( )A .10B .20C .40D .806.直线2=0x y ++分别与x 轴,y 交于A ,B 两点,点P 在圆22(2)=2x y -+上,则ABP △面积的取值范围是( )A .[2,6 ]B .[4,8]C .[2,3 2 ]D [ 22,32] 7.函数422y x x =-++的图象大致为( )ABCD8.某群体中的每位成员使用移动支付的概率都为p ,各成员的支付方式相互独立.设X为该群体的10位成员中使用移动支付的人数, 2.4DX =,()6(4)P X P X ==＜,则p =( )A .0.7B .0.6C .0.4D .0.39.ABC △的内角A ,B ,C 的对边分别为a ,b ,c .若ABC △的面积为2224,则C = ( )A .π2B .π3C .π4D .π6毕业学校_____________ 姓名________________ 考生号________________ ________________ _____________-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------------数学试卷 第3页（共20页） 数学试卷 第4页（共20页）10.设A ,B ,C ,D 是同一个半径为4的球的球面上四点,ABC △为等边三角形且其面积为93,则三棱锥D ABC -体积的最大值为( )A .123B .183C .243D .54311.设1F ,2F 是双曲线C ：22221(0,0)x y a b a b-=＞＞的左、右焦点,O 是坐标原点.过2F 作C 的一条渐近线的垂线,垂足为P .若1||6||PF OP =,则C 的离心率为 ( )A .5B .2C .3D .2 12.设0.2log 0.3a =,2log 0.3b =,则( )A .0a b ab +＜＜B .ab a b +＜＜0C .0a b ab +＜＜D .0ab a b +＜＜第Ⅱ卷(非选择题 共90分)二、填空题：本题共4小题,每小题5分,共20分.13.已知向量2)(1,=a ,)2(2,=-b ,),(1λ=c .若2()+∥c a b ,则=λ . 14.曲线)e (1xy ax =+在点(0,1)处的切线的斜率为2-,则a = .15函数π()cos(3)6f x x =+在[0,π]的零点个数为 .16.已知点1()1,M -和抛物线C ：²4y x =,过C 的焦点且斜率为k 的直线与C 交于A ,B 两点.若90AMB ∠=,则k = .三、解答题：共70分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.第17～21题为必考题,每个试题考生都必须作答.第22、23题为选考题,考生根据要求作答.) (一)必考题：共60分. 17.(12分)等比数列{}n a 中,11a =,534a a =. (1)求{}n a 的通项公式；(2)记n S 为{}n a 的前n 项和.若63m S =,求m .18.(12分)某工厂为提高生产效率,开展技术创新活动,提出了完成某项生产任务的两种新的生产方式.为比较两种生产方式的效率,选取40名工人,将他们随机分成两组,每组20人.第一组工人用第一种生产方式,第二组工人用第二种生产方式.根据工人完成生产任务的工作时间(单位：min )绘制了如下茎叶图：(1)根据茎叶图判断哪种生产方式的效率更高，并说明理由；(2)求40名工人完成生产任务所需时间的中位数m ,并将完成生产任务所需时间超过超过m不超过m第一种生产方式 第二种生产方式(3)根据(2)中的列联表,能否有99%的把握认为两种生产方式的效率有差异？附：22()(a b)(c d)(a c)(b d)n ad bc K -=++++,2()P K k ≥0.050 0.010 0.001k3.841 6.635 10.82819.(12分)-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------------2018年高考理科数学全国卷3(含答案与解析)数学试卷 第5页（共20页） 数学试卷 第6页（共20页）如图,边长为2的正方形ABCD 所在的平面与半圆弧CD 所在平面垂直,M 是CD 上异于C ,D 的点.(1)证明：平面AMD ⊥平面BMC ；(2)当三棱锥M ABC -体积最大时,求面MAB 与面MCD 所成二面角的正弦值.20.(12分)已知斜率为k 的直线l 与椭圆C ：22143x y +=交于A ,B 两点,线段AB 的中点为(1,)()M m m ＞0.(1)证明：12k ＜-；(2)设F 为C 的右焦点,P 为C 上一点,且0FP FA FB ++=.证明：FA ,FP ,FB成等差数列,并求该数列的公差. 21.(12分)已知函数22()()ln(1)2f x a x x x x +=-++.(1)若0a =,证明：当10x -＜＜时,()0f x ＜；当0x ＞时,()0f x ＞； (2)若=0x 是()f x 的极大值点,求a .(二)选考题：共10分.请考生在第22、23题中任选一题作答.如果多做,则按所做的第一题计分.22.［选修4—4：坐标系与参数方程］(10分)在平面直角坐标系xOy 中,O 的参数方程为cos ,sin x y θθ=⎧⎨=⎩(θ为参数),过点(0,2)且倾斜角为α的直线l 与O 交于A ,B 两点. (1)求α的取值范围；(2)求AB 中点P 的轨迹的参数方程.23.［选修4—5：不等式选讲］(10分) 设函数()211f x x x =++-. (1)画出() y f x =的图象；(2)当[ 0),x ∈+∞,()b x f ax +≤,求a b +的最小值.毕业学校_____________ 姓名________________ 考生号________________ ________________ _____________数学试卷 第7页（共20页） 数学试卷 第8页（共20页）2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(课标全国卷Ⅲ)理科数学答案解析第Ⅰ卷一、选择题 1.【答案】C【解析】∵={1}A x x ｜≥,{0,1,2}B =,∴={1,2}A B ,故选C .2.【答案】D【解析】21i 2i)(2i 2i i 3i )(+-=-+-=+,故选D . 3.【答案】A【解析】两个木构件咬合成长方体时,小长方体(榫头)完全嵌入带卯眼的木构件,易知俯视图可以为A .故选A . 4.【答案】B 【解析】由1sin 3α=,得22127cos212sin 12()=1=399αα=-=-⨯-.故选B .5.【答案】C【解析】252()x x+的展开式的通项251103155()(2)2r r r r r r r T C x x C x ---+==,令1034r -=,得2r =,所以4x 的系数为225240C ⨯=.故选C . 6.【答案】A【解析】由圆22(2)=2x y -+可得圆心坐标(2,0),半径r =ABP △的面积记为S ,点P 到直线AB 的距离记为d ,则有12S AB d =.易知AB =maxd ==min d =所以26S ≤≤,故选A .7.【答案】D【解析】∵42()2f x x x =-++,∴3()42f x x x '=-+,令()0f x '＞,解得x ＜或x 0＜此时,()f x 递增；令()0f x '＜,解得x ＜0或x ,此时,()f x 递减.由此可得()f x 的大致图象.故选D . 8.【答案】B【解析】由题知~1()0,X B p ,则(101 2.4)DX p p =⨯⨯-=,解得0.4p =或0.6.又∵()6(4)P X P X ==＜,即446664221010(1)(1)(1)0.5C P p C P p p p p --⇒-⇒＜＜＞,∴0.6p =,故选B .9.【答案】C【解析】根据余弦定理得2222cos a b c ab C +-=,因为2224ABCa Sbc +-=△,所以c 42os ABC ab C S =△,又1sin 2ABC S ab C =△,所以tan 1C =,因为π()0,C ∈，所以4C π=.故选C .10.【答案】B【解析】设ABC △的边长为a ,则1sin60=932ABC S a a =△,解得6a =(负值舍去).ABC △的外接圆半径r 满足62sin60r=,得r =球心到平面ABC 的距离为2=.所以点D 到平面ABC 的最大距离为246+=,所以三棱锥DABC -体积的最大值为163⨯=故选B .11.【答案】C【解析】点2(,0)F c 到渐近线b y x a =的距离2(0)PF b b ==＞,而2OF c =,所以在2Rt OPF △中,由勾股定理可得OP a ,所以1PF ==.在2Rt OPF △中,222cos PF b PF O OF c∠==,在12F F P△中,2222222121221246cos 22PF F F PF b c a PF O PF F F b c+-+-∠==⋅⋅2,所以222222463464b b c a b c a c bc +-=⇒=-,则有22223()46c a c a -=-值舍去),即e =.故选C .2018年高考理科数学全国卷3(含答案与解析)数学试卷 第9页（共20页） 数学试卷 第10页（共20页）12.【答案】B【解析】解法一：∵0.20.2log 0.3log 1=0a =＞,22log 0.3log 1=0b =＜,∴0ab ＜,排除C . ∵0.20.20log 0.3log 0.2=1＜＜,22log 0.3log 0.5=1-＜,即01a ＜＜,1b ＜-,∴0a b +＜,排除D .∵220.2log 0.3lg0.2log 0.2log 0.3lg 2b a ===,∴2223log 0.3log 0.2log 12b b a -=-=＜,∴1bb ab a b a+⇒+＜＜,排除A .故选B . 解法二：易知01a ＜＜,1b -＜,∴0ab ＜,0a b +＜, ∵0.30.30.311log 0.2log 2log 0.41a b +=+=＜, 即1a bab+＜,∴a b ab +＞, ∴0ab a b +＜＜.故选B .第Ⅱ卷二、填空题13.【答案】12【解析】由已知得2(4,2)+=a b .又,()1c λ=,2()+∥c a b ,所以42=0λ-,解得12λ=. 14.【答案】3-【解析】设(e ))1(x f x ax =+,则()()1e x f x ax a '=++,所以曲线在点(0,1)处的切线的斜率(0)12k f a '==+=-,解得3a =-. 15.【答案】3【解析】令()0f x =,得πcos(3)6x +,解得ππ+()39k x k =∈Z .当0k =时,π9x =；当1k =时,4π9x =；当2k =时,7π9x =,又[ 0,π]x ∈,所以满足要求的零点有3个.16.【答案】2【解析】解法一：由题意可知C 的焦点坐标为(1,0),所以过焦点(1,0),斜率为k 的直线方程为1y x k =+,设111,y A y k ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭,221,y B y k ⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭,将直线方程与抛物线方程联立得21,4,y x k y x ⎧=+⎪⎨⎪=⎩整理得2440y y k --=,从而得124y y k +=,124y y =-.∵1()1,M -,90AMB ∠=,∴0MA MB =,即1212(2)(2)(1)(1)0y yy y k k+++--=,即2440k k -+=,解得2k =.解法二：设11A(,)x y ，22(),B x y ,则2112224,4,y x y x ⎧=⎨=⎩①②②-①得2221214()y y x x -=-,从而2121124y y x x k y y --+==.设AB 的中点为M '，连接MM '.∵直线AB 过抛物线24y x =的焦点，∴以线段AB 为直径的M '⊙与准线:1l x =-相切.∵1()1,M -,90AMB ∠=,∴点M 在准线:1l x =-上,同时在M '⊙上,∴准线l 是M '⊙的切线,切点M ,且MM l '⊥,即MM '与x 轴平行,∴点M '的纵坐标为1,即1212221y y y y =⇒++=,故124422y y k =+==. 故答案为：2. 三、解答题17.【答案】(1)解：设{}n a 的公比为q ,由题设得1n n a q -=.由已知得424q q =,解得0q =(舍去)或2q =-或2q =. 故1(2)n n a -=-或12n n a -=. (2)若1(2)n n a -=-,则1(2)3nn S --=.数学试卷 第11页（共20页） 数学试卷 第12页（共20页）由63m S =得(2)188m -=-.此方程没有正整数解.若12n n a -=,则21n n S =-.由63m S =得264m =,解得6m =. 综上,6m =.【解析】(1)解：设{}n a 的公比为q ,由题设得1n n a q-=.由已知得424q q =,解得0q =(舍去)或2q =-或2q =. 故1(2)n n a -=-或12n n a -=.(2)若1(2)n n a -=-,则1(2)3n n S --=.由63m S =得(2)188m -=-。

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标Ⅲ卷）语文注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、现代文阅读（35分）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）阅读下面的文字，完成1～3题。

“让居民望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁”，这是以人为核心的新型城镇化建设的要求，也戳中了一些地方城镇化的软肋。

一些乡村在变为城镇的过程中，虽然面貌焕然一新，但很多曾经让人留恋的东西却荡然无存。

人们或多或少有这样的担忧：快速的、大规模的城镇化会不会使“乡愁”无处安放？要在城镇化进程中留住乡愁，不让“乡愁”变成“乡痛”，一个重要措施是要留住、呵护并活化乡村记忆。

乡村记忆是乡愁的载体，主要包括两个方面：一方面是物质文化的记忆，如日常生活用品、公共活动场所、传统民居建筑等“记忆场所”；另一方面是非物质文化记忆，如村规民约、传统习俗、传统技艺以及具有地方特色的生产生活模式等。

乡村物质文化记忆与非物质文化记忆常常相互融合渗透，构成一个有机整体。

这些乡村记忆是人们认知家园空间、乡土历史与传统礼仪的主要载体。

在城镇化的过程中留住他们，才能留住乡愁。

这实质上是对人的情感的尊重。

至于哪些乡村记忆真正值得保留，这一方面可以借助一些科学的评价体系进行合理的评估，另一方面可以广泛听取民意，然后进行综合甄选。

在新型城镇化建设过程中，需要做好这方面的前期规划。

仅仅留住乡村记忆而不进行呵护，乡村记忆会逐渐失去原有魅力。

呵护乡村记忆，使其永葆“温度”，就要对相关记忆场所做好日常维护工作，为传统技艺传承人延续传统技艺创造条件，保持乡村传统活动的原有品质。

比如，对一些乡土景观、农业遗产、传统生产设施与生产方法等有意识地进行整理维护。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷Ⅲ)历史1．D【解析】根据地图可知，铁器主要分布在黄河中下游和长江中下游地区以及新疆地区，再结合所学知识可知，春秋战国时期铁器是先进的生产工具，黄河中下游和长江中下游地区在当时是比较发达的地区，由此可知，铁器分布与经济发展水平基本一致，当时铁器及冶铁技术没有普遍使用，故选D项，可排除A、C项。

仅凭新疆和中原地区铁器分布情况，不能得出两地联系密切，可排除B项。

2．B【解析】由表中信息可知，宋代宰相祖辈、父辈任官中低级官员和无官职记录者占大多数，这说明两宋时期社会不同阶层的流动比较大，故B项正确。

隋唐以后，世家大族的影响力逐渐消除，可排除A项。

材料不能体现宰相权力大小变化情况，可排除C 项。

祖辈、父辈无官职记录的宰相正是通过科举制度才成功走向仕途，可排除D项。

3．B【解析】根据题干材料“由国家制定的药典”“官修”“由朝廷颁行”可知，古代药学的发展得到国家的支持，故B项正确。

药学发展源于社会生活，非政治体制，可排除A 项。

材料没有涉及商品经济对药学发展的影响，可排除C项。

隋唐以前，理学还没有产生，排除D项。

4．D【解析】根据材料“京城及江南地区”“出版个人著作之风盛行”“流行将书籍作为礼物”，可知当时社会对文化的崇尚，故答案为D项。

材料不能体现“迅速提升”学术文化水平，可排除A项。

材料反映出士大夫间注重风气，没有体现他们地位的提高，可排除B项。

材料没有涉及经世致用思想，可排除C项。

5．D【解析】结合所学知识可知，严复是一位维新思想家，《天演论》的翻译主要是为了促进国人变法图存，非进行反清革命，故D项正确，排除B项。

严复提出自然界进化规律同样适用于人类社会，并非对生物进化论进一步研究并纠正其错误，可排除A项。

“中体西用”是洋务派的主张，排除C项。

6．C【解析】根据题干材料时间“1920年”并结合所学知识可知，当时处于新文化运动后期，在十月革命的影响下，马克思主义在中国得到迅速传播。

O T t/su 0 -u 0u/VO T t/s u 0 -u 0u/Vtxt 1t 2x 1 x 2甲乙O绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试物理（III 卷）二、选择题：本题共8小题，每小题6分，共48分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，第14~17题只有一项符合题目要求，第18~21题有多项符合题目要求。

全部选对的得6分，选对但不全的得3分，有选错的得0分。

14．1934年，约里奥-居里夫妇用α粒子轰击铝核2713Al ，产生了第一个人工放射性核素X ：2713α+Al n+X 。

X 的原子序数和质量数分别为 A ．15和28B ．15和30C ．16和30D ．17和3115．为了探测引力波，“天琴计划”预计发射地球卫星P ，其轨道半径约为地球半径的16倍；另一地球卫星Q 的轨道半径约为地球半径的4倍。

P 与Q 的周期之比约为 A ．2:1B ．4:1C ．8:1D ．16:116．一电阻接到方波交流电源上，在一个周期内产生的热量为Q 方；若该电阻接到正弦交变电源上，在一个周期内产生的热量为Q 正。

该电阻上电压的峰值为u 0，周期为T ，如图所示。

则Q 方: Q 正等于A ．1:2B ．2:1C ．1:2D ．2:117．在一斜面顶端，将甲乙两个小球分别以v 和2v的速度沿同一方向水平抛出，两球都落在该斜面上。

甲球落至斜面时的速率是乙球落至斜面时速率的 A ．2倍B ．4倍C ．6倍D ．8倍18．甲乙两车在同一平直公路上同向运动，甲做匀加速直线运动，乙做匀速直线运动。

甲乙两车的位置x随时间t 的变化如图所示。

下列说法正确的是 A ．在t 1时刻两车速度相等B ．从0到t 1时间内，两车走过的路程相等C ．从t 1到t 2时间内，两车走过的路程相等D ．从t 1到t 2时间内的某时刻，两车速度相等tvt 02t 0Ov 0/2v 0①②OTt/siT /4T /23T /4RPQ 图（a ）图（b ）ab19．地下矿井中的矿石装在矿车中，用电机通过竖井运送至地面。

(全国Ⅲ卷)2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文（含答案解析）注意事项:1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、淮考证号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、现代文阅读(36分)(一)论述类文本阅读(本题共3小题，9分)阅读下面的文字，完成1~3题。

对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存。

创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间，多样性与共同性之间，稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐，过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征，当代城市社会，尤其需要关注以下文明弹性问题。

其一，空间弹性。

城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。

任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一具体转换。

片面地强调空间的公共性成片面地强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础，目前，人们更多地要求空间的私人性，注重把空间因化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。

这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市发展的一个重要原因，其二，制度弹性，一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。

城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力，而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。

但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题:即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。

过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足，走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展.其三，意义弹性。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国Ⅲ卷）英语注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt？A.￡19.15.B.￡9.18.C.￡9.15.1.What does John find difficult in learning German?A .Pronunciation. B. Vocabulary. C. Grammar.2.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Colleagues.B. Brother and sister.C. Teacher and student.3.Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a bank.B. At a ticket office.C. On a train.4. What are the speakers talking about?A.A restaurant.B.A street.C.A dish.5.What does the woman think of her interview?A. It was tough.B. It was interesting.C. It was successful.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（课标全国卷Ⅲ）英语第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

AWelcome to Holker Hall & GardenVisitor InformationHow to Get to HolkerBy car: Follow brown signs on A590 from. J36, M6. Approximate travel times: Windermere—20 minutes, Kendal—25 minutes, Lancaster—45 minutes, Manchester—l hour 30minutesBy rail: the nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth. Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports.Opening timesSunday-Friday(closed on Saturday) 11:00 am-4;00pm, 30 March-2nd November.Admission ChargesHall & Gardens GardensAdults: £12.00 £8.00Gropes: £9.00Special EventsProducers Market 13th AprilJoin us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.Holker Garden Festival 30th MayThe event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in the gardening.National Garden Day 28th AugustHolker once again opens its gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.Winter Market 8th NovemberThis is an event for all the family! Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.21. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?A.20 minutes.B. 25 minutes.C.45 minutes.D. 90 minutes.22. How much should a member of a tour group pay a visit to Hall & Gardens?A. £12.00.B. £9.00.C. £8.00D. £5.5023. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show?A. Producers Market.B. Holker Garden FestivalC. National Garden Day.D. Winter MarketBCities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port on river. People settle in theseplaces because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896 Dawson Canada was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897 and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche (雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City - its present population is 762.24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?A. Its business culture.B. Its small population.C. Its geographical position.D. Its favourable climate.25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?A. Two thirds of them stayed there.B. One out of five people got rich.C. Almost everyone gave up.D. Half of them died.26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?A. They found the city too crowded.B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.C. They were unable to stand the winter.D. They were short of food.27. What is the text mainly about?A. The rise and fall of a city.B. The gold rush in Canada.C. Journeys into the wilderness.D. Tourism in Dawson.CWhile famous foreign, architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize -which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture--on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Department at the China Academy of Art(CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus （校园）of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves （曲线）of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements.Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the1995 Pritzker Prize.Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. “That is only evidence that traditions once existed, “ he said.“Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, “he said.“Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are," said Wang.The study of traditions should be combined, with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.28. Wang's winning of the prize means that Chinese architects areA. following the latest world trendB. getting international recognitionC. working harder than ever beforeD. relying on foreign architects29. What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?A. Its hilly environment.B. Its large sizeC. Its unique style.D. Its diverse functions.30. What made Wang's architectural design a success？A. The mixture of different shapes.B. The balance of East and WestC. The use of popular techniquesD. The harmony of old and new.31. What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang?A. Spread them to the world.B. Preserve them at museums.C. Teach them in universities.D. Recreate them in practice.DAdults understand what if feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few large objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten is serious about becoming a doctor).For weeks, I’ve been thinking of bigger, deeper questions. How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A. The more, the better.B. Enough is enough.C. More money, more worries.D. Earn more and spend more.33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?A. Saving up for her holiday.B. Raising money for a poor girl.C. Adding the money to her fund.D. Giving the money to a sick mother.34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?A. To try out an idea.B. To show a parent’s love.C. To train his attention.D. To help him start a hobby,.35. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Take it or Leave it.B. A Lesson from Kids.C. Live More with Less.D. The Pleasure of Giving.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试（Ⅲ）化学可能用到的相对原子质量：H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 Mg 24 Al 27 S 32 Cr 52 Zn 65 I 127 7．化学与生活密切相关。

下列说法错误的是A．泡沫灭火器可用于一般的起火，也适用于电器起火B．疫苗一般应冷藏存放，以避免蛋白质变性C．家庭装修时用水性漆替代传统的油性漆，有利于健康及环境D．电热水器用镁棒防止内胆腐蚀，原理是牺牲阳极的阴极保护法8．下列叙述正确的是A．24 g 镁与27 g铝中，含有相同的质子数B．同等质量的氧气和臭氧中，电子数相同C．1 mol重水与1 mol水中，中子数比为2∶1D．1 mol乙烷和1 mol乙烯中，化学键数相同9．苯乙烯是重要的化工原料。

下列有关苯乙烯的说法错误的是A．与液溴混合后加入铁粉可发生取代反应B．能使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色C．与氯化氢反应可以生成氯代苯乙烯D．在催化剂存在下可以制得聚苯乙烯10．下列实验操作不当的是A．用稀硫酸和锌粒制取H2时，加几滴CuSO4溶液以加快反应速率B．用标准HCl溶液滴定NaHCO3溶液来测定其浓度，选择酚酞为指示剂C．用铂丝蘸取某碱金属的盐溶液灼烧，火焰呈黄色，证明其中含有Na+D．常压蒸馏时，加入液体的体积不超过圆底烧瓶容积的三分之二11．一种可充电锂-空气电池如图所示。

当电池放电时，O2与Li+在多孔碳材料电极处生成Li2O2-x（x=0或1）。

下列说法正确的是A ．放电时，多孔碳材料电极为负极B ．放电时，外电路电子由多孔碳材料电极流向锂电极C ．充电时，电解质溶液中Li +向多孔碳材料区迁移D ．充电时，电池总反应为Li 2O 2-x =2Li+（1-2x ）O 212．用0.100 mol ·L -1 AgNO 3滴定50.0 mL 0.0500 mol ·L -1 Cl -溶液的滴定曲线如图所示。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标III卷）英语第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

AWelcome to Holker Ha ll & GardensVisitor InformationHow to Get to HolkerBy Car：Follow brown signs an A590 from JB6, M6.Approximale travel times: Windermere-20 minutes, Kendal-25 minutes, Lancaster-45 minutes, Manchester-I hour 30 minutes.z.x.xkBy Rail: The nearest stati on is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster Preston for connections to major cities & airports.Opening TimesSunday-Friday (closed on Saturday) 11:00 am-4:00pm, 30 March-2nd November.Admission ChargesHall & Gardens GardensAdults: £12.00 £8.00Groups £9 £5.5Producers: Market 13th AprilJoin us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.Holker Garden Festival 30th MayThe event celebrate its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening.National Garden Day 28th AugustHolker once again opens is gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.Winter Market 8th NovemberThis is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifs while enjoying a live music1show and nice street entertainment.1. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?A. 20minutes.B.25 minutes.C.45 minutes.D.90 minutes.2. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Cardens?A.£l2.00.B. B.19.00.C.A8.0D.45.503. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show?A. Producers' Market.B. Holker Garden Festival.C. National Garden Day.D. Winter Market.BCities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.4. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?A. Its business culture.B. Its small population.C. Its geographical position.D. Its favourable climate.25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.B. One out of five people got rich.C. Almost everyone gave up.D. Half of them died.6. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?A. They found the city too crowded.B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.C. They were unable to stand the winter.D. They were short of food.7. What is the text mainly about?A. The rise and fall of a city.B. The gold rush in Canada.C. Journeys into the wilderness.D. Tourism in Dawson.CWhile famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to usetraditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention3thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that traditions once existed," he said."Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created, " he said."Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, " said Wang.The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.8. Wang’s wi nning of the prize means that Chinese architects are ___________.A. following the latest world trendB. getting international recognitionC. working harder than ever beforeD. relying on foreign architects9. What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?A. Its hilly environment.B. Its large size.C. Its unique style.D. Its diverse functions.10. What made Wang’s architectural design a success?A. The mixture of different shapes.B. The balance of East and West.C. The use of popular techniques.D. The harmony of old and new.11. What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang?A. Spread them to the world.B. Preserve them at museums.C. Teach them in universities.D. Recreate them in practice.DAdults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more4when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.z.x.xkI found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.12. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A. The more, the better.B. Enough is enough.C. More money, more worries.D. Earn more and spend more.13.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?A. Saving up for her holidayB. Raising money for a poor girlB. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother14. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?A. To try out an ideaB. To show a parent's loveC. To train his attentionD. To help him start a hobby15. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Take It or Leave ItB. A Lesson from KidsC. Live More with LessD. The Pleasure of Giving5第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（含听力音频）语文（全国Ⅲ卷）注意事项:1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。

2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、现代文阅读（36分）（共3题；共36分）1.阅读下面的文字，完成小题对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存。

创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间，多样性与共同性之间，稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐，过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征，当代城市社会，尤其需要关注以下文明弹性问题。

其一，空间弹性。

城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。

任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一、具体转换。

片面地强调空间的公共性或成片面地强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础，目前，人们更多地要求空间的私人性，注重把空间固化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。

这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市发展的一个重要原因。

其二，制度弹性，一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。

城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力，而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。

但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题：即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。

过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足，走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试（地理）一、选择题：本题共35小题，每小题4分，共140分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合要求的。

油纸伞足我国非物质文化遗产，采用传统方法，全手工制作，油纸伞以竹为骨，以纸或丝绸为面，刷桐油以增强韧性并防水，但长期置于干燥环境中易变脆、开裂。

近年来。

油纸伞走俏国际市场。

据此完成1～2题。

1．与现代钢骨布面伞相比，油纸伞走俏国际市场依赖的主要优势是A．携带方便B．适用地广C．文化蕴涵D．经久耐用2．下列地区中，宜作为油纸伞重点推销市场的是A．欧洲西部B．中亚C．中东 D．撒哈拉以南非洲大别山区某国家级贫国县农民可分为跨村种田大户农民、种植自家承包地农民、本地务工务农兼业农民和常年外出务工农民等类型，该县以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业在县城活力较弱，但在中心集镇活力较强，图1示意该县居民点的等级结构，据此完成3～5题。

图13．与县城相比，中心集镇以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业活力较强的主要原因是A．基础设施较完善B．更接近消费市场C．资金供应较充裕D．更易招募劳动力4．面向某类型农民的需求，有专家建议在该县推进“村—中心集镇双栖”居住模式，这种模式旨在方便该类型农民A．从事商业活动B．留守子女上学C．兼顾务工务农D．扩大种田规模5．为了实施乡村振兴战略，带领农民脱贫致富，该国家级贫困县可采取的有效措施是①推广大规模机械化种植②鼓励外出务工农民回乡创业③引导传统农民多种经营④推进中心集镇房地产开发A．①②B．②③ C．③④ D．①④贝加尔湖（图2）是世界上最深的湖泊，监测表明湖水深度还在加大。

贝加尔湖湖底沉积物巨厚，可达8千米。

据此完成6～8题。

6．贝加尔湖形成于A．地壳断陷集水B．火山口集水C．河流改道D．滑坡阻断河流7．贝加尔湖湖底沉积物巨厚，且湖水深度还在加大，说明A．湖区降水量加大B．入湖径流增多C．湖盆在加深D．入湖泥沙增多8．贝加尔湖湖水更新缓慢的主要原因是A．湖面蒸发弱B．湖泊面积大C．湖水盐度低D．湖水深度大澳大利亚（图3）某地区降水稀少，自然景观极度荒凉，气温年较差大，夏季最高气温可达50℃，冬季气温较低。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、现代文阅读（36分）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）阅读下面的文字，完成1~3题。

对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存、创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间、多样性与共同性之间、稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐，过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征。

当代城市社会，尤其需要关注以下文明弹性问题。

其一，空间弹性。

城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。

任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一、具体转换。

片面地强调空间的公共性或片面地强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础。

目前，人们更多地要求空间的私人性，注重把空间固化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。

这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市发展的一个重要原因。

其二，制度弹性。

一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。

城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力。

而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。

但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题；即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。

过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足、走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展。

语文 2018年高三2018语文全国三语文简答题（综合题）（本大题共8小题，每小题____分，共____分。

）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存、创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间；多样性与共同性之间；稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐。

过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征。

当代城市社会，尤其需要关注一下文明弹性问题。

其一，空间弹性。

城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。

任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一、具体转换。

片面的强调空间公共性或片面的强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础。

目前，人们更多地要求空间的人，注重把空间固化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。

这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市，发展的一个重要原因。

其二，制度弹性。

一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。

城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力。

而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。

但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题；即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。

过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足、走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展。

其三，意义弹性。

所谓城市的意义弹性，是指城市能够同时满足多样人群的不同层面的意义需要，并能够使不同的意义与价值在总体上达到平衡与和谐，不断形成具体的意义共同性。

当一个城市只允许一种、一个层面的意义存在时，这个城市体可能繁荣一时，但必然会走向衰落。

2018年高考语文真题试卷（全国Ⅲ卷）注意事项:1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试题相应的位置。

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如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

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一、现代文阅读1.阅读下面的文字，完成小题对城市而言，文明弹性是一个城市体在生存。

创新、适应、应变等方面的综合状态、综合能力，是公共性与私人性之间，多样性与共同性之间，稳定性与变迁性之间、柔性与刚性之间的动态和谐，过于绵柔、松散，或者过于刚硬、密集，都是弹性不足或丧失的表现，是城市体出现危机的表征，当代城市社会，尤其需要关注以下文明弹性问题。

其一，空间弹性。

城市具有良好空间弹性的一个重要表现，是空间的私人性与公共性关系能够得到较为合理的处理。

任何城市空间都是私人性与公共性的统一，空间弹性的核心问题，就是如何实现空间的公共性与私人性的有机统一、具体转换。

片面地强调空间的公共性或成片面地强调空间的私人性，都会使城市发展失去基础，目前，人们更多地要求空间的私人性，注重把空间固化为永恒的私人所有物、占有物。

这种以私人化为核心的空间固化倾向，造成城市空间弹性不足，正在成为制约城市发展的一个重要原因。

其二，制度弹性，一种较为理想的、有弹性的城市制度，是能够在秩序与活力、生存与发展间取得相对平衡的制度。

城市有其发展周期、发展阶段，对一个正在兴起的城市而言，其主要任务是聚集更多的发展资源、激活发展活力，而对一个已经发展起来的城市而言，人们会更为注重城市制度的稳定功能。

但问题在于，即使是正在崛起的城市，也需要面对秩序与稳定的问题：即使是一个已经发展起来的城市，也需要面对新活力的激活问题。

过于注重某种形式的城市制度，过于注重城市制度的某种目标，都是城市制度弹性不足，走向僵化的表现，都会妨害城市发展。