2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合能力真题(写作)

考研管理类全国联考综合能力历年真题分类试卷——论说文1.论说文：根据下述材料，写一篇700字左右的论说文，题目自拟。

亚里士多德说：“城邦的本质在于多样性，而不在于一致性……无论是家庭还是城邦，他们的内部都有着一定的一致性。

不然的话，它们是不可能组建起来的。

但这种一致性是有一定限度的……同一种声音无法实现和谐，同一个音阶也无法组成旋律。

城邦也是如此，它是一个多面体。

人们只能通过教育使存在着各种差异的公民，统一起来组成一个共同体。

”求同存异，教育是桥梁面对“多样性”差异，如何让“一致性”越来越多?亚里士多德在材料中给我们提供了一个明确的答案——教育，是求同存异的桥梁。

“城邦”是由人构成，社会亦如此，它的本质属性也是“多样性”，这是客观存在的，是不可能绝对消除的。

要想保持社会的稳定，就只能求同存异，尽量促进“一致性”。

渊源历史长河中，为了促进社会“大一统”这个“一致性”，不外乎有两个途径：一个是武力强迫，一个是教育引导。

两种途径结果看似一样，其本质却大相径庭。

同样是解决族群问题，希特勒采取的是种族清洗，对犹太人开展了灭绝人性的大屠杀，不但没有“求同”，最后还为自己掘下坟墓；我国的民族政策恰恰相反，采用的却是承认其民族特性，并帮助他们发展自己民族文化，传授中国传统文化，通过教育引导实现了56个民族的大团结。

对于教育本身，世上也存在着“多样性”观点。

笔者认为关键在于做到“求同存异”，因材施教。

古时候，孔子的学生子路和冉有先后问孔子同一个问题，即他们有一个很好的想法是否应该马上实施，孔子却给出了截然相反的答案。

另一个学生公西华很奇怪，为什么这样。

孔子笑说，子路和冉有性格炯异，前者性格多虑，让他果断，后者性格急燥，则让他三思。

教无定法，故因材施教。

教育更是一个系统性、长久性的工程，若想取得良好成效，则需要结合以下三个方面：一是确立教育目标，明确想要达到的教育目的，做到有的放矢；二是选择正确方法，对不同的人采用不同的方法和手段，做到因材施教；三是给予恰当时间，根据具体教育情况，及时调整教育时间，当长则长，当短则短。

管理类专业学位联考综合能力（作文）历年真题试卷汇编29(总分：4.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、写作(总题数：4，分数：4.00)1.论证有效性分析__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.2013年10月真题“勤俭节约”是中国人民的优良传统，也是近百年流传下来的革命传统，在新中国成立后的建设时期，尤其是上世纪50年代，国家百废待兴，就是靠全国人民发扬勤俭持家，勤俭建国的艰苦奋斗精神，才在一穷二白的基础上打下了工业化的基础。

时代车轮开进了21世纪，中国加入了世贸组织，实现了全面开放，与30年前相比，我们面对的国际形势已经发生了天翻地覆的变化，形势在变，任务在变。

人的观念也要适应这种变化，也要与时俱进。

比如，“勤俭节约”的观念就是需要改变的时候了。

我们可以从个人、家庭、国家三个层面对“勤俭节约”的观念进行分析。

先从个人的角度谈起，一个人如果过分强调勤俭节约，就会过度关注“节流”，而不重视“开源”，“开源”就是要动脑筋，花气力，最大程度发挥自己的能力合法赚钱，个人的财富不是省出来的，只靠节省，财富的积累是有限的，靠开源，财富才可能会滚滚而来。

试想，比尔盖茨的财富是靠省出来的吗?再从家庭的角度分析，一个家庭如果过分强调勤俭节约，也就是秉持“勤俭持家”，对于上了年纪的老人，还是应该的，因为他们已经不能出去挣钱了，但对于尚在工作年龄的人，尤其是青年人，提倡勤俭持家有害无益，为了家庭的长远利益，缺钱的时候还可以去借钱，去抵押贷款，为了勤俭持家，能上的学不上，学费是省了，可孩子的前途就耽误了。

即使是学费之外的学习费用，也不能一味节俭。

试想，如果朗朗的家长当年不买钢琴，能有现在的国际钢琴大师朗朗吗?最后从国家的角度审视，提倡“勤俭节约”弊远大于利。

2008年以来的金融危机演变为世界性经济危机，至今还没有完全走出低谷，2008年之前，中国的高速发展靠投资拉动。

管理类专业学位联考综合能力（作文）历年真题试卷汇编3(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 4. 写作写作论证有效性分析1．2004年1月真题目前，国内约有1000家专门的公关公司。

去年，规模最大的十家本土公关公司的年营业收入平均增长30％，而规模最大的十家外资公关公司的年平均收入平均增长15％；本土公关公司的利润率平均为20％，外资公司为15％。

十大本土公关公司的平均雇员人数是十大外资公关公司的10％。

可见，本土公关公司利润水平高、收益能力强、员工的工作效率高，具有明显的优势。

中国公关协会最近的调查显示，去年，中国公关市场营业额比前年增长25％，达到了25亿元；而日本约为5亿美元，人均公关费用是中国的10多倍。

由此推算，在不远的将来，若中国的人均公关费用达到日本的水平，中国公关市场的营业额将从25亿元增长到300亿元，平均每家公关公司就有3000万的营业收入。

这意味着一大批本土公关公司将胜过外资公司，成为世界级的公关公司。

正确答案：美梦能否成真论证者通过一系列数据堆砌和诸多推论假设，得出了一大批本土公关公司将胜过外资公司，成为世界级公司的结论。

整个论证过程中存在诸多漏洞，因此得出的结论也是难以令人信服的。

首先，公司员工的工作效率和公司员工人数二者之间并不是简单的线性关系。

公司的雇员人数不仅取决于工作效率，还和公司规模大小、企业人力资源规划等息息相关。

论证者基于十大本土公关公司的平均雇员人数是十大外资公关公司的10％，不足以论证本土公司员工的工作效率更高。

论证者要加强论证，还需提供更多精准的数据。

其次，由公关公司的年营业收入增长的百分比也不能必然推出公关公司年营业额的实际情况。

没有基数的百分比是没有重要意义的，只能代表一个相对的比率，而无法说明本土公关公司的收益能力一定比外资公关公司的收益能力强。

因此，我们无法从论证者的数据中，得出相关的结论。

再次，且不论我国公关市场的营业额不太可能迅速追赶上日本的水平，就算我国公关市场的营业额不久就增长到300亿，但很可能外资公关公司占去了90％以上：或者在公关公司的未来市场上有很多新晋之秀的身影也未可知。

管理类专业学位联考综合能力（作文）历年真题试卷汇编14(总分：4.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、写作(总题数：4，分数：4.00)1.论证有效性分析__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.2012年1月真题地球的气候变化已经成为当代世界关注的热点，这一问题看似复杂，其实简单，只要我们运用科学原理，如爱因斯坦的相对论去对待，也许就会找到解决这一问题的方法。

众所周知，爱因斯坦提出的相对论颠覆了人类关于宇宙和自然的尝试性观念，不管是狭义相对论还是广义的相对论，都揭示了宇宙间事物运动中的普遍存在的相对性。

既然宇宙间万物的运动是相对的，那么我们观察问题时也应该采用相对的方法，如变换视角等等。

当我们变换视角去看一些问题，也许会得到和一般常识完全不同的观点。

例如，我们称之为灾害的那些自然现象，包括海啸、台风、暴风等等，其实也是大自然本身的一般现象而已。

从大自然的视角来看，无所谓灾害不灾害，只是当它损害了人类利益，危及了人类生存的时候，从人类的视角来看，我们才称之为灾害。

再变换一下视角，从一个更广泛的范围来看，我们人类自己也是大自然的一部分，既然我们祖先是类人猿，而类人猿正像大熊猫、华南虎、藏羚羊、扬子鳄乃至银杏、水杉等一样，是整个自然生态中的有机组成部分，那为什么我们自己就不是了呢?由此可见，人类的问题就是大自然的问题，即使人类在某一时期，部分地改变了气候，但仍然是整个大自然系统中的一个自然问题，“自然”问题“自然”会解决，人类不必过多干预。

主题：运用爱因斯坦相对论去对待气候问题，可以找到其问题，指出“自然”的问题“自然”会解决，人类不必过多干预。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：人类果真不必干预自然问题吗? 题干论证根据对爱因斯坦相对论的认识，得出了“人类的问题就是大自然的问题，‘自然’的问题‘自然’会解决，人类不必过多干预”的结论。

管理类专业学位联考综合能力逻辑（因果关系）-试卷2(总分：48.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、逻辑推理(总题数：24，分数：48.00)1.某研究中心通过实验对健康男性和女性听觉的空间定位能力进行了研究。

起初，每次只发出一种声音，要求被试者说出声源的准确位置，男性和女性都非常轻松地完成了任务；后来，多种声音同时发出，要求被试者只关注一种声音并对声源进行定位，与男性相比，女性完成这项任务要困难得多，有时她们甚至认为声音是从声源相反方向传来的。

研究人员由此得出：在嘈杂环境中准确找出声音来源的能力，男性要胜过女性。

以下哪项如果为真。

最能支持研究者的结论?A.在实验使用的嘈杂环境中，有些声音是男性不熟悉的声音。

B.在实验使用的嘈杂环境中，有些声音是女性熟悉的声音。

C.在安静的环境中，人的注意力容易分散；在嘈杂的环境中，人的注意力容易集中。

D.在嘈杂的环境中，男性注意力更易集中。

√E.在安静的环境中，女性注意力更易集中。

本题属于可能性推理的加强型题目。

首先排除C选项，C选项并未提到男女的区别，属于无关项。

再看A 项和B项，这两项都能够支持题干的论证，但支持力度并不强。

因为题干里只说到“有些声音”，并不全面，且没有男女之间的对比。

再看D项，在嘈杂的环境中，男性更容易集中注意力，相当于对题干的结论给出了原因解释，能够有力地加强题干论证。

E项说的是女性在安静环境中更容易集中注意力，与题干矛盾。

故正确答案为D。

2.国外某教授最近指出，长着一张娃娃脸的人意味着他将享有更长的寿命，因为人们的生活状况很容易反映在脸上。

从1990年春季开始，该教授领导的研究小组对1826对70岁以上的双胞胎进行了体能和认知测试，并拍下了他们的面部照片。

在不知道他们确切年龄的情况下，三名研究助手先对不同年龄组的双胞胎进行年龄评估，结果发现，即使是双胞胎，被猜出的年龄也相差很大。

然后，研究小组用若干年时间对这些双胞胎的晚年生活进行了跟踪调查，直至他们去世。

2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合能力真题（写作）56、论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。

（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分，等等。

）1000是100的十倍，但是当分母大到百亿的时候，作为分子的这两个数的差别就失去意义。

在知识经济时代，任何人所掌握的知识，都只是沧海一粟。

这使得在培养和选拔人才时，知识尺度已变得毫无意义。

现在网络技术可以使你在最短的时间内查询到你所需要的任何知识信息，有的大学毕业生因此感叹何必要为学习各种知识数年寒窗，这不无道理。

传授知识不应当继续成为教育，特别是高等教育的功能。

学习知识需要记忆。

记忆能力，是浅层次的大脑功能。

人们在思维方面的差异，不在于能记住什么，而在于能提出什么。

素质教育的真正目标，是培养批判性思维与创造性思维能力。

知识与此种能力之间没有实质性的联系，否则就难以解释，具有与爱因斯坦相同知识背景的人多的是，为什么唯独他发现了相对论。

硕士、博士这些知识头衔的实际价值一再受到有识之士的质疑，道理就在这里。

“知识就是力量”这一曾经激励了几代人的口号，正在成为空洞的历史回声，这其实是时代的进步。

【参考范文】知识真的不重要吗？在上述材料中，通过对知识尺度、高等教育、素质教育等内容进行论述，从而否定知识的重要性，认为知识就是力量已经过时，这是值得商榷的。

首先，在衡量知识尺度时存在比较不当的问题。

在培养和选拔人才所掌握的知识时，要以其所处行业、所在职位、所涉领域等作为衡量依据，这样的比较才有意义。

以个人知识与整体知识进行对比而得出“知识尺度的无意义”是有失偏颇的。

其次，有能力通过网络技术查询知识信息并不等同于掌握和学会运用这些知识，也不能因此来否定高等教育中知识传授的功能。

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s） for each numbered blank and mark ［A］, [B], [C] or [D］ on ANSWER SHEET 1。

(10 points）The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name。

But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird， a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested。

5 he， however， might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others， but explains the process that has brought this about。

管理类专业学位联考综合能力（作文）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 4. 写作写作论证有效性分析1．2004年10月真题有两个人去深山打猎，遇到一只凶猛的老虎，其中一人扔下行囊，撒腿就跑。

另一人朝他喊：“跑有什么用，你跑得过老虎吗?”头一个人边跑边说：“我不需要跑赢老虎，只要能跑赢你就够了。

”这个故事告诉我们，企业经营首先要考虑的就是如何战胜竞争对手，因为顾客不是选择你，就是选择你的竞争者，所以只要在满足顾客需求上比竞争者快一点，你就能够脱颖而出，战胜对手。

要想跑得比老虎快，是企业战略幼稚的表现，追求过高的竞争目标会白白浪费企业的大量资源。

正确答案：值得商榷的论证上文以“老虎追捕两猎人”的事例类比企业之间的关系，看似有据，实则无理。

首先，上文将人与人的关系仅仅局限于竞争之中，就忽视了合作在这一危急时刻的巨大作用。

这是作者的片面分析。

在企业发展的历程之中，企业之间的关系不再局限于竞争，在当今经济全球化的大背景之下，合作早已超出竞争成为许多公司谋求发展的一大战略。

合作推动了技术革新，拉动了人才就业、经济增长，更为企业和社会带来了丰厚的红利，因此，企业经营首先考虑的不一定是如何战胜竞争对手，而很可能是如何形成一种双赢的竞争关系。

其次，上文认为，现代企业之间的竞争，追求的就是一个速度。

所谓“兵贵神速”“先发制人”，这不都是博大精深的中华文化留给我们的至理名言吗?但是，将这些思想一成不变照搬到今时今日的大环境中来，却又变得墨守成规，有待商榷。

今日的企业竞争是多方位的竞争，核心问题就是谁能更好地满足客户的需求。

而这些，又体现在产品的质量、信息的速度、产品与客户的匹配度以及产品的价格等诸多方面，因此，片面地认为企业竞争的核心在于“速度”，本身就是错误的理念，是在逻辑中犯了“以偏概全”的大忌，这种思想极可能为企业招致面临淘汰的僵局。

再次，上文提到“人不可能跑得比老虎快”，由此推知企业不可能走在顾客需求前面。

只用赏罚就能治好臣民吗？原文“人性本恶”为前提，通过一系列论证得出了只用赏罚就能治好臣民的结论，看似严谨，实际上存在诸多漏洞，现分析如下：首先，“人的本性是好利恶害的”这只是一部分人的观点主，例如有的人主“人性本善”，原文中作者忽略了一项重要容：人可以通过后天学习来不断改变自己的人生观以及价值观。

其次，作者认为“世界上根本不存在不求私利的廉洁之士”,这一论断比较武断，即使人的“本性是好利恶害的”，如果能够用完善的机制规人们的行为，并且能够附加良好的教育引导，即未必不会培养出“廉洁之士”。

就算真的是不存在廉洁之士，这也不代表“不存在相对更廉洁的人”，从而也不代表着“没有必要寻找廉洁之士”。

再次，任用官员之后有效地防止他们以权谋私，这是廉政建设的关键，但是未必只是唯一的手段。

廉政的建设是有多方面要求的，毕竟除了防止官员以权谋私外，还有塑造公平、公正的政治局面，髙效的法律机制等方面。

最后，实施赏罚的机制，并不意味着就会“揭发以权谋私的官员”，因为这种机制的实施有可能会带来诬告的现象。

我们都知道，揭发的前提是“知道”，但是这一前提未必就成立，又如何谈赏与罚呢？与此同时，如果被揭发的官员实施打击报复行为，并且这种报复给揭发的臣民带来的代价远远高于其所受的奖励，臣民又该如何决断？在这种情况下，臣民就有可能不会揭发官员。

原文存在诸多漏洞，论述者得出只用赏罚就能治好臣民的推理需要认真商榷。

有失偏颇的论证原文通过一系列看似严谨的论证，得出“大学生的就业并不是什么问题，我们大可不必为此顾虑重重”的结论，实则漏洞百出。

首先，文中由“2012年我国劳动年龄人口比2011年减少了345万”可得“我国劳动力的供应从过剩变成了短缺”，此论据不够充分，因为决定劳动力供求关系变化的因素还可以包括劳动力需求的变化，这一点文中并没有提及，即不可武断地得出“我国劳动力的供应从过剩变成了短缺”。

其次，文中用长三角地区出现“用工荒”，来说明“我国的大学生其实是供不应求的”犯了混淆概念的错误。

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re de aling with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. A lvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered h er household expenses[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, madehandsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is theso-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population to day, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by th e genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says W iencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free sla ves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use ou tlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could havewritten it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解一、单项选择题：1～45小题，每小题2分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1．将教育学的研究对象界定为教育现象及其规律，反映了人们在教育学建构中的（）。

A．科学取向B．实践取向C．规范取向D．人文取向【答案】A【解析】在中国，对教育学研究对象的论述有所不同，但根本观点基本一致，大都沿用《教育大辞典》中的定义：教育学是指“研究人类教育现象及其一般规律的科学”。

这一定义反映了人们在教育学建构中的科学取向。

因此答案选A。

2．某班教师为了激发和保持学生的学习动机，开展了一系列学习竞赛活动。

结果如教师所料，学生的学习热情高涨，成绩明显提高。

但没有想到的是，学生之间相互猜忌、隐瞒学习资料等现象日趋严重。

上述事实表明，教育（）。

A．既有正向显性功能，又有正向隐性功能B．既有负向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能C．既有正向隐性功能，又有负向隐性功能D．既有正向显性功能，又有负向隐性功能【答案】D【解析】①从作用的方向上来看，教育功能可分为正向功能和负向功能。

正向教育功能是指有助于社会进步和个体发展的积极影响和作用；负向教育功能是指阻碍社会进步和个体发展的消极影响和作用。

②从作用的呈现形式看，教育功能可分为显性功能和隐性功能。

显性教育功能是指依照教育目的，教育在实际运行中所出现的与之相符合的结果；隐性教育功能是伴随显性教育功能所出现的非预期的功能。

开展学习竞赛活动，激发了学生的学习热情，促进了学习成绩的提高属于正向的显性功能；但导致学生相互猜忌、隐瞒学习资料等现象属于负向隐性功能。

因此答案选D。

3．联合国教科文组织在《学会生存》中主张，建设学习化社会的关键在于（）。

A．改革正规教育B．发展成人教育C．实施终身教育D．推行回归教育【答案】C【解析】《学会生存》自始至终贯穿一条主线：教育应该扩展到人的整个一生。

2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类联考综合能力真题（写作）56、论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。

（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分，等等。

）地球的气候变化已成为当今世界关注的热点，这一问题看似复杂，其实简单，只要我们运用科学原理——如爱因斯坦的相对论——去对待，也许就会找到解决这一问题的方法。

众所周知，爱因斯坦的相对论颠覆了人类关于宇宙和自然的常识性观念，不管是狭义相对论还是广义相对论，都揭示了宇宙间事物运动中普遍存在的相对性。

既然宇宙万物的运动都是相对的，那么我们观察问题时也应该采用相对的方法，如变换视角等。

假如我们变换视角去看一些问题，也许会得出和一般常识完全不同的观点。

假如，我们称之为灾害的那些自然现象，包括海啸、台风、暴雨等，其实也是大自然本身的一般现象而已，从大自然的视角来看，无所谓灾害不灾害。

只是当它损害了人类利益，危及了人类生存的时候，从人类的视角来看，我们才称之为灾害。

再变换一下视角，从一个更广泛的范围来看，我们人类自己也是大自然的一部分，既然我们的祖先是类人猿，而类人猿正像大熊猫、华南虎、藏羚羊、扬子鳄乃至银杏、水杉、五针松等一样，是整个自然生态中的有机组成部分，那为什么我们自己就不是了呢？由此可见，人类的问题就是大自然的问题，即使人类在某一时期部分地改变了气候，也还是整个大自然系统中的一个自然问题，自然的问题自然会解决，人类不必过多干预。

【参考范文】人类真的不必干涉自然问题吗？上述材料通过一系列论证，得出人类不必干涉大自然的问题这一结论。

然而，该论证存在以下几个方面的缺陷。

首先，论述这认为“只要用相对论就会找到解决自然问题的方法”这一观点过于绝对，世间有各种各样的领域，相对论可能只是用于解释某些领域的问题，是否能解决地球气候变化问题有待确定。

第一部分：引言1.1 概念解释全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类综合能力，简称“管理硕综”，是考验报考者对管理学科知识和专业技能的综合能力的一项重要考试，也是我国研究生教育中的重要组成部分。

1.2 重要性管理硕综考试是评价研究生招生者综合素质和能力的重要标准，其考试内容涵盖了管理学科的核心知识和技能，对于培养具有良好管理素养和综合能力的硕士研究生具有重要的意义。

第二部分：管理硕综的考试内容2.1 理论知识管理硕综考试将涉及管理学科的基本理论知识，包括管理思想、管理原理、管理方法等内容。

2.2 应用能力除了理论知识外，管理硕综考试还会涉及到管理学科的应用能力，如案例分析、管理技能、领导能力等方面的考察。

第三部分：备考策略3.1 理论与实践相结合在备考管理硕综时，考生需要注重理论与实践相结合，要灵活运用理论知识解决实际问题。

3.2 多维度准备管理硕综的考试内容涵盖了广泛的管理知识和能力要求，考生需要多维度准备，包括平时的知识积累、考试技巧、模拟练习等。

第四部分：对管理硕综的个人理解和观点4.1 管理硕综考试的意义管理硕综不仅是一次选拔研究生的考试，更是对考生管理素养和综合能力的考核，对于未来从事管理工作的学生具有重要的指导意义。

4.2 学科综合性的重要性管理硕综考试的内容涉及多个管理学科的知识和能力要求，体现了管理学科的综合性和交叉性，对于培养具有全面素质的管理人才非常重要。

第五部分：总结与回顾管理硕综是我国研究生教育中的一项重要考试，体现了对研究生全面能力和素质的要求。

备考管理硕综需要结合理论与实践，多维度准备，以达到全面提升管理素养和综合能力的目的。

在实际工作和学习中，管理硕综所考核的综合能力将对于研究生的成长和发展产生深远的影响。

重视管理硕综考试，提前做好充分准备，对于日后的学习和工作将大有裨益。

结语文章对全国硕士研究生招生考试管理类综合能力进行了深度和广度兼具的评估，梳理了考试内容、备考策略以及个人观点和理解，希望对您有所帮助。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类联考综合能力（199）真题一、问题求解：第1—15小题,每小题3分,共45分. 下列每题给出的A 、B 、C 、D 、E 五个选项中, 只有一项是符合试题要求的. 请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑.1.某品牌的电冰箱连续两次降价10%后的售价是降价前的（ ）。

（A ）80% （B ）81% （C ）82% （D ）83% （E ）85%2.张老师到一所中学进行招生咨询，上午接受了45名同学的咨询，其中的9人下午又咨询了张老师，占他下午咨询学生的10%，一天张老师咨询的学生人数为（ ）。

（A ）81 （B ）90 （C ）115 （D ）126 （E ）1353.甲、乙、丙三种货车的载重量成等差数列，2辆甲种车和1辆乙种车满载量为95吨，1辆甲种车和3辆丙种车满载量为150吨，则甲、乙、丙各1辆载满货物为多少？（ ）（A ）125吨 （B ）120吨（C ）115吨（D ）110吨（E ）105吨 4. 12x x -+≤成立，则x 的取值范围（ ）。

（A ）(]-1∞，（B ）3-2⎛⎤∞ ⎥⎝⎦，（C ）312⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦，（D ）(]1+∞，（E ）3+2⎡⎫∞⎪⎢⎣⎭， 5.某机器人可搜索到的区域是半径为1米的圆，若该机器人沿直线行走10米，则其搜索区域的面积（平方米）为（ ）。

（A ）102π+ （B ）10+π （C ）202π+（D ）20+π（E ）10π6.某试卷由15道选择题组成，每道题有4个选项，只有一项是符合试题要求的，甲有6道能确定正确选项，有5道题能排除2个错误选项，有4道题能排除1个错误选项，若从每道题排除后剩余的选项中选1个作为答案，则甲得满分的概率为（ ）。

（A ）112⋅４５３（B ）112⋅５４３（C ）112５４＋３（D ）12⎛⎫⋅ ⎪⎝⎭５４３４（E ）12⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭５４３＋４ 7.某公司用1万元购买了价格分别是1750元和950元的甲乙两种办公设备，则购买的甲、乙办公设备的件数分别为（ ）。

2007年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (2)2008年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (21)2009年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (44)2010年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (68)2011年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (91)2012年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (116)2013年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (139)2014年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (162)2015年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (185)2016年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (202)2017年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (227)2018年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (251)2019年考研管理类联考综合能力真题答案及解析 (265)一、问题求解1、如果方程1+=ax x 有一个负根，那么a 的取值范围是（ ）A 、1<aB 、1=aC 、1->aD 、1-<aE 、以上结论均不正确2、设变量1021,,,x x x 的算术平均值为x 。

若x 为定值，则诸)10,,2,1( i x 中可以任意取值的变量有（ ）A 、10个B 、9个C 、2个D 、1个E 、0个3、甲、乙、丙三人进行百米赛跑（假设他们的速度不变），甲到达终点时，乙距终点还差10米，丙距终点还差16米。

那么乙到达终点是，丙距终点还差（ ）A 、322米B 、320米C 、315米D 、310米 E 、以上结论均不正确 4、修一条公路，甲队单独施工需要40天完成，乙队单独施工需要24天完成。

现两队同时从两端开工，结果在距该路终点7.5公里处会和完工。

则这条公路的长度为（ ）A 、60公里B 、70公里C 、80公里D 、90公里E 、100公里5、某自来水公司的水费计算方法如下：每户每月用水不超过5吨，每吨收费4元，超过5吨的，每吨收取高标准的费用。

管理类专业学位联考综合能力（作文）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分：4.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、写作(总题数：4，分数：4.00)1.论证有效性分析__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.2005年1月真题没有天生的外科医生，也没有天生的会计师，他们都是专业化的工作者，需要经过正规的培训，而这种培训最开始是在教室里进行的。

当然，学生们必须具备使用手术刀或是操作算盘的能力，但是他们首先得接受专门的教育。

领导者则不一样，天生的领导者是存在的。

事实上，任何一个社会中的领导者都只能是天生的。

领导和管理本身就是生活，而不是某个人能够从教室中学习来的技术。

教育可以帮助一个具有领导经验和生活经验的人提高到更高的层次。

但是，即使一个人具备管理天赋和领导潜质，教育也不能将经验灌入到头脑中。

换句话说，试图向一个未曾从事过管理工作的人传授管理学，不啻于向一个从未见过其他人类的人传授哲学。

组织是一个复杂的有机体，对它的管理是一种困难的、微妙的工作，需要的是各种各样只能在身临其境时才能得到的体验。

总之，MBA教育试图把管理学传授给一个毫无实际经验的人是种浪费，更糟糕的是，它是对管理的一种贬低。

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案： MBA真的只是徒有其表吗? 本段文字通过管理与外科手术以及会计工作比较，从管理具有更多艺术性的一面来论述MBA教育对于管理者的培养是一无是处、徒有其表的，这一论断显然缺乏严谨性和客观性。

首先，在成为领导的人群中，尽管我们发现很多先天的优越条件会为他们带来更多的便利，帮助他们领导才能的发挥，但并不能由一个人或者一部分人具有这些特征就推出所有领导才能都只是天生的?这里显然犯了以偏概全的逻辑错误，值得警惕。