中央财经大学考博英语题型分析

中央财经大学考博英语阅读模拟题精解As is the case in many cultures,the degree to which a minoritygroup was seen as different from the characteristics of the dominantmajority determined the extent of that group’s acceptance.Immigrants who were like the earlier settlers were accepted.The largenumbers of immigrants with significantly different characteristicstended to be viewed as a threat to basic American values and theAmerican way of life.This was particularly true of the immigrants who arrived by themillion during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Most of them came from poverty-stricken nations of southern and Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guomian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi eastern Europe.They spokelanguages other than English,and large numbers of them were Catholicsor Jews.Americans at the time were very fearful of this new flood ofimmigrants.They were afraid that these people were so accustomed tolives of poverty and dependence that they would not understand suchbasic American values as freedom,self-reliance and competition.There were so many new immigrants that they might even change the basicvalues of the nation in undesirable ways.Americans tried to meet what they saw as a threat to their valuesby offering English instruction for the new immigrants andcitizenship classes to teach them basic American beliefs.The immigrants,however,often felt that their American teachers disapproved of the traditions of their homeland.Moreover,learning about American values gave them little help in meeting their most important needs such as employment,food,and a place to live.Far more helpful to the new immigrants were the“political bosses”of the larger cities of the northeastern United States,where most of the immigrants first arrived.Those bosses saw to many of the practical needs of the immigrants and were more accepting of the different homeland traditions.In exchange for their help,the political bossed expected the immigrants to keep them in power by voting for them in elections.In spite of this,many scholars believe that the political bosses performed an important function in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.They helped to assimilate large numbers of disadvantaged white immigrants into the larger American culture.The fact that the United States had a rapidly expanding economy at the turn of the century made it possible for these new immigrants,often with the help of the bosses,to better their standard of living in the United States.As a result of these new opportunities and new rewards,immigrants came to accept most of the values of the larger American culture and were in turn accepted by the great majority of Americans.For white ethnic groups,therefore,it is generally true that their feeling of being a part of the larger culture,that is,“American”is much stronger than their feeling of belonging to a separate ethnic group—Irish,Italian,Polish,etc.(468words)26.A minority group’s acceptance to the country was determined by_____.A.the difference they showed from the majority.B.the time when they arrived at the new land.C.the background conditions they came from.D.the religious group to which they belonged.27.The immigrants’flushing in was considered a threat to American value mainly because_____.A.the immigrants came from poverty-stricken nations of southern and eastern Europe.B.the immigrants had been accustomed to poverty and dependence.C.the immigrants had different homeland traditions and other particular characteristics.D.the immigrants did not speak English.28.“Citizenship classes”(Para.4)were offered because Americans____.A.wanted to help the immigrants to solve their practical needs.B.would not accept any groups with different traditions.C.wanted the immigrants to deal with the threat to the American values.D.wanted the immigrants to learn about and to keep the American values.29.The political bosses helped the new immigrants for the main purpose of_____.A.showing off their political powers and advantages.B.getting support in elections.C.assimilating the minority into the majority.D.showing their generosity.30.The living standards of the new immigrants were improved in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries mainly because ____.A.they kept the political bosses in power.B.the political bosses gave them a lot of practical help.C.they had a much stronger feeling of being a part of the larger culture.D.there was a rapid growth in American economy at that time.Text626.A，细节题。

中财考博辅导班：2019中央财经大学商学院考博难度解析及经验分享中央财经大学商学院2019 年博士研究生招生实行统一考试制，符合《中央财经大学2019 年招收攻读博士学位研究生简章》中报考条件的申请人提交相关材料，依据考生申请材料的综合评价结果确定差额综合考核名单，经综合考核后择优推荐拟录取。

强军计划、少数民族骨干计划、论文博士等采取相同的办法同时进行。

一、院系简介中央财经大学商学院是在国际具有重要影响、在国内处于一流水平的高素质管理人才培养基地和管理理论研究基地。

1952年，中央财经大学设立企业管理专业，1984年发展为经济管理系，2003年11月，在原经济管理系的基础上成立商学院。

2012年12月，学校为适应新的发展要求，将商学院与MBA教育中心合并，成立新商学院。

商学院以“贡献管理新知，培养具有全球视野、创新精神、社会责任意识的领导者”为使命，不仅壮大了自身的师资队伍和科研力量，还为社会各行业培养输送了大批优秀的经济管理专业人才。

商学院办学层次齐全，拥有本科学士、研究生硕士和博士学位授予权三个层次，并且拥有工商管理博士后流动站。

工商管理一级学科为北京市重点学科，跨国公司管理为交叉学科北京市重点学科。

作为中央财经大学管理学学科的中坚力量，商学院在培养高素质的管理人才、研究具有中国特色的管理理论以及服务企业、社会等方面建立了一定声望，在第四轮全国学科评估中，中央财经大学工商管理一级学科评估结果为A-，位次百分位进入全国前10%。

商学院下设战略系、市场营销系、组织与人力资源管理系、供应链与运营管理系、金融与财务管理系五个系，开设的四个本科专业分别为工商管理、市场营销、人力资源管理、物流管理，六个硕士研究生专业分别为企业管理、技术经济及管理、跨国公司管理、人力资源管理、物流管理、工商管理（MBA），三个博士研究生分别为企业管理、技术经济及管理、跨国公司管理。

商学院2011年通过英国工商管理协会认证（AMBA），成为中国大陆地区第8家、北京地区首家AMBA认证会员；2014年，通过AMBA再认证，认证有效期为5年；2015年，取得国际精英商学院协会认证（AACSB）参评资格，以及中国高质量MBA教育认证（CAMEA）参评资格；2017年，通过CAMEA认证，认证有效期为5年，与中国人民大学、对外经济贸易大学等高校并列第15位通过认证。

中央财经大学考博英语语法专项突破训练及解析1.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age.For these children________to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.A.to developB.to be developedC.developingD.will develop2.Space exploration promises to open up many new territories for human settlement,as well as_________the harvest of mineral resources.A.leads toB.to lead toC.leading toD.lead to3.Someday,solar power collected by satellites________the earth or fission power(裂变能)manufactured by mankind may give us all the energy we need for an expanding civilization.A.circledB.to circleC.circlingD.circlesGeng duo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.4.In this experiment,they are wakened several times during the night,and asked to report what they________.A.had just been dreamingB.are just dreamingC.have just been dreamingD.had just dreamt5.Her terror was so great________somewhere to escape,she would have run for her life.A.only ifB.that there had only beenC.that had there only beenD.if there were only试题答案及解析：1.AFor these children to develop to their full adult potential 在句中做目的状语，these children是to develop的逻辑主语，这种主谓关系在目的状语中一般是不能用分词表示的。

中央财经大学考博英语真题解析1.In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.(A)admired(B)regarded(C)expected(D)worshipped2.A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.(A)shorthand(B)scheme(C)schedule(D)sketch3.A man has to make______for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when /(A)supply(B)assurance(C)provision(D)adjustment4.The newly-built Science Building seems_______enough to lasta hundred years.(A)spacious(B)sophisticated(C)substantial（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)(D)steady5.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _________free medical care.(A)entitled to(B)involved in(C)associated with(D)assigned to6.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at______.(A)danger(B)stake(C)loss(D)threat7.I felt_________to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.(A)fatigued(B)tired(C)exhausted(D)bored8.When the engine would not start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at_____.(A)wrong(B)trouble(C)fault(D)difficulty9.Your advice would be______valuable to him,who is at present at his wit’s end.exceedingly(B)excessively(C)extensively(D)exclusively10.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to______the consequences.(A)answer for(B)runsintos(C)abide by(D)stepsintos11.The river is already_______its banks because of excessive rainfall;and the city is threatened with a likely flood.(A)parallel to(B)level in(C)flat on(D)flush with12.People_______that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.(A)convinced(B)anticipated(C)resolved /(D)assured13.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or_______for language learning purposes,there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.(A)adapted(B)acknowledged(C)assembled(D)appointed14.The mother said she would________her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.(A)let down(B)let alone(C)let off(D)let out15.We should always keep in mind that_______decisions often lead to bitter regrets.(A)urgent(B)hasty(C)instant(D)prompt16.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages_______in the dictionary.(A)missing(B)losing(C)dropping(D)leaking本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中央财经大学考博英语真题常见的一些动词及其时态时态一致(Tense Agreement)：从句和主句谓语动词应在时态上保持一致。

(一)主句动词是过去时态时，从句动词相应采用某种过去时态例句：Darwin was convinced that loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.(2008年第50题)分析：该句是复合句，主干结构为Darwin was convinced that...。

宾语从句中有not only...but...引导的并列结构;短语be injurious to 的意思是“对……产生危害，有害……”。

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译文：达尔文确信，没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力，更有可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。

例句：Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.(选自2001年Cloze Test)分析：该句是复合句。

在when引导的从句中，the interpretation of privacy controls...作said的宾语;过去分词短语contained in European 作后置定语修饰the interpretation;主句部分为publication of the letter came;另一从句中的主语Lord Irvine与he同指一人。

中央财经大学考博英语阅读真题解析Text2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloakinghis exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said hewas leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcastinghis ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within twoweeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman onSeptember29.当八月份，Liam McGee以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料的直白。

他没有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由来遮掩他的离开，他很坦诚的讲他离开就是为了去追求他经营一家公司的目标。

McGee说宣扬自己的目标就是自己的决定。

两周后，他第一次和Hartford FinancialServices Group的董事会第一次会谈，这家公司在9月29日提名他为董事会主席和CEO.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time toreflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clearmessage to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’talone.In recent weeks the No.2executives at Avon and AmericanExpress quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEOpost.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response toshareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wishto move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managerscautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位(下家)，使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司。

育明考博全国免费咨询电话400-668-6978 QQ：493371626 QQ：28900643512015中央财经大学考博QQ 交流群105619820 英语群335488903 专业课群157460416中央财经大学会计学院会计学专业考博分析一、考博介绍：2015年中央财经大学会计学院学院招生16人，其中会计学专业招生为16人。

而此专业又分为2个主要研究方向，分别为：01.会计理论与方法、02.财务理论与方法两个主要的研究方向。

二、联系导师：在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。

大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。

因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，育明考博2014届学员成绩喜报 英语各类课程学员数873人 专业课各类课程学员239人 专业课教学测评中学员零差评 英语一对一全程32名学员全部过线 第七期考博英语集训营四个班97名学员90人过线报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。

一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。

在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。

如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。

通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。

导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。

这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。

我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。

（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。

很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。

其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。

(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。

不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。

中财考博辅导班：中央财经大学考博英语经验分享对于中财考博生来说，总会想要了解更多的考博英语备考经验，对此，启道中财考博辅导班总结相关考博英语经验如下，作为分享。

俗话说，考博要翻身，英语定乾坤。

英语的重要性不言而喻。

考博英语的复习是一个从基础不断提升的长期的过程，因此，启道仲裁考博辅导班老师兼职考博英语的复习要有针对性，要制定一个详细有效的复习计划，并计划执行，这样才能在有限的时间内有效的提高复习效果，到达复习的目的。

那么英语全年的复习该如何安排呢?对此，中财考博辅导班老师详细来讲述。

第一、词汇的考察。

考博属于选拔性考试，是从广大的毕业生中选拨出特别优秀的，继续深造。

换句话说，它的目的是为了让更多的考生不过。

因此考博考的更多的是词汇的深度，即你对一个单词掌握到了什么程度。

词汇的深度的考察包括两个方面，一考察熟词僻义，一是考察构词法，即通过词根词缀扩展单词。

因此，中财考博辅导班老师建议：词汇的复习要有针对性，把考博规定10000个单词划分出个三六九等来，区别对待。

对于你认为熟悉的初高中词汇，要重点记忆它的第二个，第三个，甚至第四个你不熟悉的意思，这些是考博中障碍最大的“熟悉的陌生人”。

第二语法的考察。

因为考博不单独纯粹考语法，像高中的选择题一样。

考博语法的学习目的是为了能够理解句子，识别句子结构。

所以考博语法说白了就是理解句子，理解句子结构。

句子分为简单句和非简单句。

简单句主要考察五大基本句型和四大成分。

五大基本句型即主谓，主谓宾，主谓宾宾，主谓宾补和主系表。

四大成分也就是定语，状语，同位语和插入语。

非简单句分为并列句和复合句。

并列句又分为句中并列和句间并列。

复合句包括三大从句和一些特殊结构。

三大从句分别是名词性从句，形容词性从句和副词性从句。

名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句，。

形容词性从句也就是常说的定语。

从句，分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

副词性从句也就是状语从句，包括九大类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件和比较。

中央财经大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Vocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best the sentence.1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. budD. bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. s ometimesB. simultaneouslyC. f r equentlyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. a ridB. m oistC. s oakedD. dr y6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____ distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. v italD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. ge nerousB. s pitefulC. r u thlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. a gileB. dynamicC. s tationaryD. i n ert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. m inimalB. di m inutiveC. m icroscopeD. d warfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underlined word or phrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one of the four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. s kinB. hus kC. s hellD. bl o om12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. f o eD. a lly13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in California.A. r e lativeB. pi o neerC. originalD. i m migrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. dr i edB. s oakedC. s ultryD. c hilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. a ridB. dampC. s oakedD. de siccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. pr o longingB. s ubsidingC. gettingD. c ausing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States four successive times.A. s ignificantB. consecutiveC. not a bleD. s ymmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in many parts of Europe.A. B athsB. Water c analsC. RoadsD. Air pi p es20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United States.A. gi v en ov er t oB. a ttacked byC. r u led byD. i n fluenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially dangerous diseases.A. c olossalB. popularC. c ommonD. s cattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obs cureB. s carceC. v italD. s ingular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing the growth of peas.A. a ssumedB. r e minisced ofC. t h ought ofD. m editated a bout24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. a nonymousB. eminentC. i n famousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoyah single-handedly invented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. l o neliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by different kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volume autobiography.A. book about someone else’s l i feB. book a bout hi s ow n l i feC. book about many people’s l i vesD. bo ok a bout t h e l i fe of a nimals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. be nevolentlyB. c ourageouslyC. apprehensivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish in the 17th century.A. insipidB. f l avoredC. blandD. s our30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donations of its citizens.A. ki n dheartedB. unw antedC. s elfishD. m eaninglessPart II Cloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of _31_.The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually. Animals have a few cries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we mustsuppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picture language preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall of his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or 42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most important single factor in the development of man.Two important stages came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV Reading Comprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The ideal companion machine – the computer – would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conservation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active i n c ommunication.B. Attractive i n pe rsonality.C. Enjoyable i n pe rformance.D. Unpredictable i n be havior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ________ way.A. qui c kB. un predictableC. pr o ductiveD. i n conspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude toward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate m achine.D. Humans a nd c omputers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.” Fukuzawa’s great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes evenextends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oyabun-kobun described in the passage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except ________.A. democratic ideals.B. elements of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar economic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual liberty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revolution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic a nd s upportiveD. s keptical a nd que stioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most – people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes – he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of priceincreases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.” Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.”The investigations mentioned above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their money, he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers’ incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that ____.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy thingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carried out in America were ____ those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Britain.A. somewhat different fromB. exactly the same asC. m uch be tter t h anD. not a s good a s64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in the passage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal – or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class – whether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class” – are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’ jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was – and still is – inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow”. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class differences in the past?A. L ife s tyle a nd oc cupation.B. Attitude a nd i n come.C. Income and job security.D. Job security a nd hobbi e s.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class w ays of s pending m oneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the middle-class?A. D esiring f o r s ecurity.B. M aking l o ng-term plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Saving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT ________.A. be tter s ocial s ecurityB. m ore j o b oppor t unitiesC. higher l i ving s tandardD. better legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-class people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them very complicated, of the great demand for college education in America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, three generations of the parents of growing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, and through group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be made available. Happily the nation has been able to provide the colleges, and the students have been admitted to them in ever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of education – government, business in all its forms, and labor – all welcomed the expansion of opportunity because it simplified their problems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, a high-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations, and, for those occupations, job training took place either in the high school or on the job. A college degree was necessary only for those who wanted to be ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists, or scholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and advancement are open only to college graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that is needed. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate on preparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, and the professions have expanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specialists. Colleges and universities, responding to these developments, have organized new programs of study to train these specialists, and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty years ago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developed and the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list of other offerings that were not available except in a few experimental programs. Accounting, social science, various forms of administration, public hospital and public health medical technology, and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher education within those same forty years. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomic technology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most recently, international administration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers” most probably refers to ____.A. high-school graduatesB. college graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupations 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified for such professional work as ministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a higher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high” enough for most occupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of specialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for colleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in America colleges and universities 40 years ago?A. I n ternational a dministration.B. Computer s cience a nd t e chnology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Advanced nur s e t r aining.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher education.C. The historical development of American colleges and universities.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet.If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverance can sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two creatures,” says a proverb, “who can surmount the pyramids – the eagle and the snail.” If I were a boy again, I would school myself into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. The habit of attention becomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.完善国家计划和财政政策、货币政策等相互配合的宏观调控体系，发挥经济杠杆的调节作用。

财政部财科所考博英语历年试题分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。

华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。

1.考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。

而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。

首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。

并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。

其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。

因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。

如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。

所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。

2.考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。

指导作用。

通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。

规划作用。

考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。

中财考博外国语听说中财考博外国语听说是中国财政金融大学考博外国语专业的一门重要考试科目。

该科目的目标是培养考生在外国语听力和口语表达方面的能力。

下面我将介绍一些关键信息，以帮助考生更好地准备考试。

首先，外国语听力部分是该考试中的重要组成部分。

考生将接受一系列听力材料测试，包括听取录音，然后回答相关的问题。

考试材料将涵盖不同的主题，包括经济、金融、法律等领域。

因此，考生需要熟悉相关的词汇和表达方式，在听取材料时能够准确理解内容并作出相应回答。

其次，口语表达部分将测试考生的口头交流能力。

考生将面临各种不同的口语任务，例如面试、演讲或小组讨论。

考生需要准备充分，熟悉相关的话题和表达方式。

在表达时，需要注意语法、发音和流利程度。

为了更好地准备这门考试，考生可以采取以下一些方法：1. 提高听力技巧：多听外语材料，例如英语新闻、电视剧、电影等。

通过反复听取和理解各种语言表达方式，可以提高听力技能。

2. 扩充词汇量：通过阅读外语书籍、文章和听力材料，积累更多的词汇和短语。

记住常用的表达方式，并尝试在日常生活中使用它们。

3. 练习口语：找到一个语言伙伴，进行口语练习。

可以一起讨论各种话题，模拟考试环境。

同时，注意发音、语法和流利程度。

4. 制定学习计划：根据考试的日期和内容，制定合理的学习计划。

将时间合理分配给听力、口语训练和词汇积累。

坚持每天学习，保持积极的学习态度。

总之，中财考博外国语听说是一门需要认真准备的考试科目。

通过提高听力技巧、扩充词汇量、练习口语和制定学习计划，考生可以更好地应对这门考试，并在听力和口语表达方面取得好成绩。

祝愿各位考生取得优异的成绩！。

中财考博辅导班：中央财经大学考博英语真题大全对于申博考博的笔试来说，最重要的就是练习真题。

启道仲裁考博辅导班，根据理念的辅导经验，总结考博英语真题如下，仅供参考：Part IVocabulary (15%)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentenc e there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that completes best t he sentence. 1. The discovery of the Americas began ____ of adventure.A. a semesterB. a spellC. an epochD. a span2. All the ____ of the hotel were evacuated when the fire began.A. pioneersB. settlersC. inhabitantsD. residents3. The roses I left in the car yesterday started to ____ after a couple of hours in the heat.A. wiltB. blossomC. bud D . bloom4. The two runners crossed the line ____.A. sometimesB. simultaneouslyC. frequent lyD. henceforth5. She was not crying but her eyes were ____.A. aridB. moistC. soakedD. dry6. Some sportsmen ____ to relax before a contest.A. meditateB. predictC. conceiveD. assume7. When there are so many important things to be done, why does she insist on so many ____distractions?A. drasticB. crucialC. vitalD. petty8. A ____ businessman is one who destroys his competitors.A. generousB. spitefulC. ruthlessD. humane9. The price of housing has remained ____ for six months.A. agileB. dynamicC. stationaryD. inert10. With a ____ effort he won a million dollars.A. minimalB. diminutiveC. microscopeD. dwarfSection BDirections:In this section there are 20 sentences. Each sentence has one underl ined word orphrase. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should identify one ofthe four choices which would best keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase11. The breadfruit is a round fruit with a rough rind, and a soft pulpy inside.A. skinB. huskC. shellD.bloom12. Frederick E. Taylor was the pioneer of scientific management.A. immigrantB. inventorC. foeD. ally13. The almond, native to the Mediterranean, grows abundantly in Cali fornia.A. relativeB. pioneerC. originalD. immigrant14. Freshwater turtles can survive in frigid waters for three months without oxygen.A. balmyB. sultryC. freezingD. sweltering15. The parched landscape of salt flats is often used to break world land speed records.A. driedB. soakedC. sultryD. chilly16. The fruit does well in hot and humid climates.A. aridB. dampC. soaked D . desiccated17. Sedatives calm a person without actually inducing sleep.A. prolongingB. subsidingC. gettingD. causing18. F. D. Roosevelt was the only man to have been elected president of the United States foursuccessive times.A. significantB. consecutiveC. notableD. symmetrical19. Aqueducts built during the Roman Empire may still be seen in ma ny parts of Europe.A. BathsB. Water canalsC. RoadsD. Air pipes20. Guam, as island in the West Pacific, was ceded to the United S tates.A. given over toB. attacked byC. ruled by D. influenced by21. Hypertension is one of the most widespread and potentially danger ous diseases.A. colossalB. popularC. commonD. scattered22. Jazz appeared as a unique form of American music in the 1920s.A. obscureB. scarceC. vitalD. singular23. Gregor Mendel conceived of the laws of heredity from observing t he growth of peas.A. assumedB. reminisced ofC. thought of D . meditated about24. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an obscure writer until the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin.A. anonymousB. eminentC. infamousD. unknown25. After years of work and contemplation, the Native American Sequoy ah single-handedlyinvented a written language for his people.A. worryB. sicknessC. deep thoughtD. loneliness26. The profuse tropical forests of the Amazon are inhabited by diff erent kinds of animals.A. wildB. distantC. abundantD. immersed27. Although Langston Hughes is better known for his poetry, he also wrote a two-volumeautobiography.A. book about someone else’s lifeB. book about his own lifeC. book about many people’s livesD. book about the life of animals28. Paul Revere daringly rode through the New England countryside to warn the colonists.A. benevolentlyB. courageouslyC. apprehe nsivelyD. mercilessly29. Ketchup was developed from a tasty, spicy Chinese sauce made of pickled fish and shellfish inthe 17th century.A. insipidB. flavoredC. blandD. sour30. Many of America’s parks and monuments have been made possible by the generous donati onsof its citizens. A. kindhearted B. unwantedC. selfishD. meaninglessPart IICloze (10%)Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each num bered blank and mark A, B,C orD on Answer Sheet. The first two stages in the development of civilized man wereprobably the invention ofprimitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows ex actly when he acquired theuse of _31_. The 32 of language is also obscure. No doubt it bega n very gradually. Animals have a fewcries that serve 33 signals, 34 even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, 35 with the most intensive profess ional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently 36 for th e mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we m ust suppose that he 37 the number of cries for different purposes . It was a great day 38 he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that 39 picturelanguage preceded oral language. A man 40 a picture on the wall o f his cave to show 41 direction he had gone, or42 prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language 43 the most impo rtant single factor in the development of man. Two important stage s came not 44 before the dawn of written history. The first was th e domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture wa s 45 in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing compa rable 46 our own machine age. Agriculture made possible 47 immense i ncrease in the number of the human species in the regions where it couldbe successfully practiced. 48 were, at first, only those in which na ture fertilized the soil 49 each harvest. Agriculture met with violen t resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of l ife prevailed in the end 50 the physical comforts it provided.Part IV ReadingComprehension (50%)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each pas sage bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1The ideal companion machine –the computer –would not only look, feel, and sound friendlybut would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that makeinteraction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machinewould appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversationa l style would makeinteraction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unp redictable and thereforeinteresting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, bu t as it came to know the user itwould progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine wou ld not be a passiveparticipant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinio ns; it would sometimes takethe initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend ifit imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is gettin g to know another. At anappropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy.The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid gi ving an impression ofover-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After exp eriencing a wealth of powerful,well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to ac cept the computer as far morethan a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of th e benefits that people obtainfrom interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in intere sting conservation thatcould continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life asrevealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-h umored. The computer’s ownpersonality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user.With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.51. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A. Active in communication.B. Attractive inpersonality.C. Enjoyable in performance.D. Unpredicta ble in behavior.52. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a(n) ______ __ way.A. quickB. unpredictableC. productiveD. inconspicuous53. Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits ofartificial relationships?A. Being able to pick up an interesting conversation.B. Being sensitive to earlier contract.C. Being ready to learn about the person’s life.D. Having a pleasant and adaptable personality.54. Throughout the passage, the author is ________ in his attitude t oward the computer.A. favourableB. criticalC. vagueD. hesitant55. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?A. Artificial relationships.B. How to form intimate relationships.C. The affectionate machine.D. Humans and computers.Passage 2The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and select ive receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as t he 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa the most eloquent spokesman of Japan’s “Enlightenment”, claimed “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: sc ience in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spi ritual sphere.”Fukuzawas great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he wasnot able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another inte rlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democrati c idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Ja panese intellectuals and, especially students: but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were u ndertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restr aints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediatel y embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were domin ated by group values, and notions of personalfreedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespre ad participation of the Japanese people in social and political life: yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Valu es are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles , emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humani stic goals of democracy intoegoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old orderremain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions suc h as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, superviso r, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes even extends to arra nging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his p atron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belo ng. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all i ts external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, ris ing as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter re quirement usually takingprecedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.56. The author is mainly concerned withA. explaining the influence of Confucianism on modern JapanB. analyzing the reasons for Japan’s postwar economic successC. discussing some important determinants of Japanese valuesD. describing managerial practices in Japanese industry57. Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oya bun-kobun described in thepassage?A. A political candidate and the voting public.B. A gifted scientist and his studentC. Two brothers who are partners in a businessD. A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant58. According to the passage, Japanese attitudes are influenced by the following factors except________.A. democratic ideals.B. elem ents of modern Western culture.C. remnants of an earlier social structure.D. prewar ec onomic success.59. It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890A. was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual libe rty in Japan.B. marked a return in government policies to conservative valuesC. implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872.D. was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revol ution.60. The tone of the passage can best be described asA. neutral and objectiveB. critical and demandingC. enthusiastic and supportiveD. skeptical and ques tioningPassage 3A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most –people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes –he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes.People with declining incomes were next and people with stable inco mes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions ab out earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go u p, they will postponebuying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true . The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an inte rview at a time of rising prices, “In a few months,”she said, “we’ll have to pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things.”Her family had been planni ng to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer’s resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.” The investigations mentione d above were carried on in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were morein agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending pa tterns. The condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintainingstable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychol ogy.61. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way c onsumers will spend their money,he should ________.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain da ta on consumers’incomes andmoney spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory62. According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that _ ___.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy t hingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of c ertain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry63. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carri ed out in America were ____those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Brita in.A. somewhat different fromB. exac tly the same asC. much better thanD. not as good as64. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ____.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great B ritain are better than those inAmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct busin ess policyD. does not draw any conclusion65. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned in thepassage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect pr ices to increase.C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are relia ble.Passage 4Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a gre at deal –or at least many parts of ithave. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned.Ideas about social class –whether a person is “working-class”or “middle-class”–are one area inwhich changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less tha n middle-class people, such asteachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’jobs were generally muchless secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typicalworking man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, havinggiven his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander th e rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his mo ney was perhaps nearer the truth.He was –and still is –inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a houseas a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Bothof these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have theopportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn asmuch, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social sec urity and laws to improvejob-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of liv ing since the mid-fifties of the 20thcentury, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “to morrow”. Working-classpeople seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there hasbeen a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-cla sses to feel slightly ashamed oftheir position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst youngerpeople. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend theirmoney in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-ter m plans when necessary. Thereseems to be much less difference than in precious generations. Ne vertheless, we still have a widegap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may hav e) and the low-paid. As long asthis gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new con flicts and jealousies will emerge, orrather than the old conflicts will reappear, but between different groups.66. Which of the following is seen as the causes of class diffe rences in the past?A. Life style and occupation.B. Atti tude and income.C. Income and job security.D. Job secur ity and hobbies.67. The writer seems to suggest that the description of ____ is closer to truth.A. middle-class ways of spending moneyB. working-class ways of spending the weekendC. working-class drinking habitsD. middle-class attitudes68. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a t ypical feature of the middle-class?A. Desiring for security.B. M aking longterm plans.C. Having priorities in life.D. Sa ving money.69. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following fact orsEXCEPT ________.A. better social securityB. more job opportunitiesC. higher living standardD. b etter legal protection70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?A. Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the Bri tish society.B. The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C. Differences in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D. Middle-class people may sometimes feel inferior to working-c lass people.Passage 5There have been a great many explanations, some of them v ery complicated, of the greatdemand for college educationin America, and they are probably all true in some measure. An oversimplified explanation is that over the last fifty years, thre e generations of the parents ofgrowing children have realized that better education meant better living and, as individuals, andthrough group action, have pushed and urged that facilities be ma de available. Happily the nationhas been able to provide the colleges, and the students have bee n admitted to them inever-increasing numbers. And the consumers of the products of educ ation –government, businessin all its forms, and labor –all welcomed the expansion of op portunity because it simplified theirproblems of employing new workers, and training and placing them.Forty years ago, when the parents of today’s high-school seniors were themselves in school, ahigh-school education was enough to get ready for most occupations , and, for those occupations,job training took place either in the high school or on the job . A college degree was necessary onlyfor those who wanted tobe ministers, doctors, or lawyers, high school teachers, scientists , orscholars. Today most jobs that offer opportunity for growth and a dvancement are open only tocollege graduates, for colleges have assumed the task of offering the specific preparation that isneeded. There is very little job training in high schools today. Instead they concentrate onpreparing students for college.What has happened is that, as business, industry, government, andthe professions haveexpanded, they have developed a need for many varieties of specia lists. Colleges and universities,responding to these developments, have organized new programs of s tudy to train these specialists,and in turn these new programs draw students who would not have gone to college forty yearsago.For example, almost all of the college programs in business and commerce have developedand the more advanced programs in agriculture and home economics. And there is a long list ofother offerings that were not available except in a few experimen tal programs. Accounting, socialscience, various forms of administration, public hospital and publi c health medical technology,and advanced nurses training have been developed in higher educati on within those same fortyyears. And as evidence that the process is still continuing, we can see the emergence of atomictechnology, unclear engineering, computer technology, and, most rece ntly, internationaladministration.71. In Paragraph 1, the word “consumers”most probably refers t o ____.A. high-school graduatesB. colle ge graduatesC. those who employ college graduatesD. those who consume commercial goods72. According to paragraph 2, the parents of today’s high-school students ____.A. did not receive enough high-school educationB. received a level of education which is almost equivalent to that of today’s collegeC. received a level of education high enough for most occupat ions 40 years agoD. who received only high-school education are not qualified f or such professional work asministers, doctors or lawyers73. Which of the following does not seem to be an explanation of the great demand for collegeeducation in America?A. The parents have realized that higher education means a hi gher standard of living.B. A high-school education is not “high”enough for most oc cupations.C. A great need has been developed for many varieties of spe cialists.D. High schools concentrate mainly on preparing students for c olleges.74. Which of the following specialties and programs was the least possibly available in Americacolleges and universities 40 years ago?A. Iternational administration.B. Comput er science and technology.C. Nuclear engineering.D. Ad vanced nurse training.75. What is the theme of the passage?A. A general survey of American colleges and universities.B. The main causes for the development of American higher edu cation.C. The historical development of American colleges and universi ties.D. The higher education, the better living condition.Part V Translation (10%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write you r translation on AnswerSheet. If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance more often, and never give up a thingbecause it was hard or inconvenient. If we want light, we must conquer darkness. Perseverancecan sometimes equal genius in its result. “There are only two c reatures,”says a proverb, “who cansurmount the pyramids –the eagle and the snail.”If I were a boy again, I would school myselfinto a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I wouldremember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directio ns at once. The habit of attentionbecomes part of our life, if we begin early enough.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation。

中央财经大学财政学院财政学考博复习规划-育明考博一、2016中央财经大学财政学院财政学考博内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业方向招生人数初试内容复试内容(020203)财政学01.财政税收理论与政策12人1001英语（100分）2001经济学基础（100分）3001财政学（100分）1、外语面试（听、说、读100分）2、专业面试（科研基础与科研潜质测试100分）02.资产评估（导师组）03.政府采购理论与政策04.财政史研究育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析：1、央财财政学院财政学考博的报录比平均在5:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有12位导师：李保仁教授、王雍君教授、安秀梅教授、温来成教授、李燕教授、白彦锋教授、赵志耘研究员(兼)、鲁昕研究员(兼)、张少春教授(兼)、赵路教授(兼)、曹富国教授、王文素教授、马金华教授、3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。

专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

4、从2014年起普通计划定向就业博士研究生招生数原则上控制在普通计划总招生人数的30%以内。

每名博导同一招生年度至多招收1名普通计划定向就业博士研究生，同时，一名博导不能连续2年招收普通计划定向就业博士研究生。

育明教育考博分校针对中央财经大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（中央财经考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩：八九三、二四一、二二六）二、中央财经大学财政学院考博真题（育明考博课程中心）育明教育考博分校针对中央财经大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

央财税务学院税收学专业考博真题考试内容复习策略一、中央财经大学税收学专业博士招生考试内容（育明课程中心）招生专业招生人数初试考试科目复试考试科目0202Z9税收学4-5人初试考试科目：①经济学基础；②税收学；③1001英语；1、外语听力水平和口语水平测试（听力测试20分，口语测试30分）2、专业课和综合素质面试（满分150分）育明考博陈老师解析：1、中央财经大学税收学专业考博的报录比平均在5:1（历年缺考率在20%左右）2、研究方向：01.税收理论与政策02.国际税收03.税务管理3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。

专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

育明教育针对中央财经大学税收学专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障（中央财经大学考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询李老师叩叩：七七贰，六七捌，伍叁七）二、中央财经大学税收学专业考博部分参考书(育明考博课程中心)0202Z9税收学《经济研究》杂志近三年《财贸经济》杂志近三年《税务研究》杂志近三年《财政研究》杂志近三年《税收学》李俊生首都经贸大学出版社《外国财政理论与政策》李俊生经济科学出版社(2012)《税收理论与政策》汤贡亮经济科学出版社(2012)《中国税收发展2006-2010》国家税务总局中国税务出版社(2011)《中国税收发展报告》（2009/2010、2010/2011、2012）汤贡亮中国税务出版社《中国财政政策报告—“十二五”时期的中国财税改革》高培勇中国财政经济出版社《财政学》哈维.S.罗森中国人民大学出版社《中国税收管理》谢旭人中国税务出版社(2007)《国际税收基础》（美）罗伊·罗哈吉著林海宁、范文祥北京大学出版社(2006)1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ______ in a short period of time.问题1选项A.being createB.having createdC.having been createdD.creating【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：我们的现代文明不应该被认为是在短时间内创造出来的。

根据civilization 被create确定用被动语态，根据create的动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且将持续下去确定用现在完成时，C选项having been created符合题意。

因此C选项正确。

2.单选题Not only ______ much bigger than any planet, but unlike the planets, it consists completely of gaseous material.问题1选项A.the sun isB.the sun, which isC.is the sunD.that the sun【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。

句意：太阳不仅比任何行星都要大得多，而且不同的是，它完全由气体物质组成。

根据题目和选项确定考查固定搭配not only…but的部分倒装，not only放在句首的倒装结构为not only+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，C选项is the sun选项符合题意。

因此C选项正确。

3.单选题______ any previous experience, John doesn’t stand a chance of getting that job.问题1选项A.Not havingB.Not having hadC.Having notD.Having not had【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。

育明考博全国免费咨询电话400-668-6978QQ：493371626QQ：28900643512015中央民族大学考博QQ 交流群105619820英语群335488903专业课群157460416中央财经大学财政学院考博招生介绍—考试内容—考试指南一、财政学院博士招生人数及名额分布：年份央财内地招生总数（计划数）财政学院博士招生人数复试人数2012年127人18差额复试比例在150%左右2013年181人142014年176人14（含1名硕博连读生）注意：2014年我校计划招收博士研究生176名，其中普通计划125名（含硕博连读生13名）、少数民族高层次骨干人才计划（以下简称少数民族骨干计划）42名和对口支援计划9名。

2014年我校中国经济与管理研究院金融学专业、中国公共财政与政策研究院财政学专业和人力资本与劳动经济研究中心劳动经济学专业、统计与数学学院★金融统计与风险管理专业仅招收硕博连育明考博2014届学员成绩喜报英语各类课程学员数873人专业课各类课程学员239人专业课教学测评中学员零差评英语一对一全程32名学员全部过线第七期考博英语集训营四个班97名学员90人过线读生，不招收全国统考生。

二、财政学院博士各专业招生人数及名额分布：年份财政税收理论与政策资产评估政府采购理论与政策财政史研究201210121 201310121 201414121三、财政学院博士招生的考试内容招生专业初试考试科目复试考试科目01.财政税收理论与政策1001英语,1002俄语,1003日语，2001经济学基础，3001财政学。

复试采用面试形式，内容包括科研基础与科研潜质测试和外语听说能力测试。

科研基础测试采取现场问答方式进行，重在根据专业培养要求考察考生对本学科系统理论知识及前沿动态的掌握情况；科研潜质测试重在根据专业培养要求及考生提交的硕士学位论文、不少于5000字的《中央财经大学2014年攻读博士学位研究生研究计划》考察考生是否具有在本学科领域发展的科研水平和研究潜质、是否具有科研创新意识和能力；外语听说能力测试重在考查考生运用外语进行听说交流的能力，主要从发音的正确性、使用语言的准确性、流利程度、理解和判断能力等方面进行考核。

中央财经大学考博英语模拟试题解析PartⅠSection A:1.Between1897and1919at least29motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed_____.A.had producedB.have been producedC.would have producedD.had been produced2.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than___in the public mind today.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.existsB.existC.existingD.existed3.The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds_____his argument in favor of the new theory.A.which to base onB.on which to baseC.to base on whichD.which to be based on4.________can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A.EverybodyB.AnybodyC.SomebodyD.Nobody5.How many of us___,say,a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A.attendedB.AttendingC.to attendD.have attended6.Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe____it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A.so thatB.but thatC.in thatD.provided that7.We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style____in a personal one.A.rather thanB.Other thanC.better thanD.less than8.______is generally accepted,economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As9.It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force____stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A.byB.withC.atD.on10.Just as the soil is a part of the earth,_____the atmosphere.A.as it isB.the same asC.so isD.and so isSection B(改错):11.The conveniences that Americans desire reflectingA not so much a leisurelyB lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time areC too valuable to be wastedD.12.In debating one must conect the opponent'sA facts,deny the relevance of his proof,or deny that B whatC he presents as proof, unlessD relevant,is sufficient.13.We are not consciousA of the extent of whichB provides the psychological satisfaction that Ccan make the differenceD between afull and an empty life.14.The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manB for having promotedC sea travel,that man was Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the15th century.D15.Accounts of A scientific experiments are generally correct forB those write about Cscience are careful in checkingD the accuracy of their reports.16.whenever we hear of A a natural disaster,even B in a distant part of the world,we feel sympathy C for the people to have affected D.17.It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon be trusting Bour health,wealth and happiness to elements with whomC very names the general public areD unfamiliar.18.The speaker claimed that no otherA modern nation devotes so smallB a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health thanC the United States doesD.19.There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linkedA research projects will account forB an improvement in the standard of living or,alternately,to do much Cto protect our diminishing Dresources.20.If individuals are awakendA each time asB they begin a dream phase of sleep,they are likely to become irritable even thoughC their total amount of sleep has beenD sufficient.Section C:21.In that country,guests tend to feel they are not highly___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A.admiredB.regardedC.expectedD.worshipped22.A_____of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A.shorthandB.schemeC.scheduleD.sketch23.A man has to make____for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A.supplyB.assuranceC.provisionD.adjustment24.The newly-built Science Building seems_____enough to lasta hundred years.A.spaciousB.sophisticatedC.substantialD. steady25.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___free medical care.A.entitled toB.involved inC.associated withD. assigned to26.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at____.A.dangerB.stakeC.lossD.threat27.I felt____to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A.fatiguedB.tiredC.exhaustedD.bored28.When the engine would nto start,the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at___.A.wrongB.troubleC.faultD.difficulty29.Your advice would be____valuable to him,who is at present at his wit's end.A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD. exclusively30.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to_____the consequences.A.answer forB.run intoC.abide byD.step into31.The river is already_____its bans because of excessive rainfall;and the city is threatened with a likely flood.A.parallel toB.level inC.flat onD.flush with32.People_____that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.A.convincedB.anticipatedC.resolvedD.assured33.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or_____for language learning purposes,there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A.adaptedB.acknowledgedC.assembledD. appointed34.The mother said she would____her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.A.let downB.let aloneC.let offD.let out35.We should always keep in mind that_____decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A.urgentB.hastyC.instantD.prompt36.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages____in the dictionary.A.missingB.losing C dropping D.leaking37.In the past,most foresters have been men,but today,the number of women____this field is climbing.A.engagingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing38.The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it_____, but he gave us an idea about his plan.A.at handB.in turnC.in conclusionD.at length39.Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest____of being met.A.prospectB.predictionC.prosperityD. permission40.It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a_____ way when in a furious state.A.stableB.rationalC.legalD.crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming,and longer periods of non-REM sleep.41kind of sleep is at all well-understood,but REM sleep is42to serve some restorative function of the brain.Thepurpose of non-REM sleep is even more43.The new experiments,such as these44for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis,suggest fascinating explanations45 of non-REM sleep.For example,it has long been known thattotal sleep 46is1OO percent fatal to rats,yet,47exanlination of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal.A researcher has now 48the mystery of why the aninlals die.The rats49bacterial infections of the blood,50their immune systems――theself-protecting mechanism against disease――had crashed.41.(A)Either(B)Ndther(C)Eachtn)Any42.(A)intended(B)required(C)assumed(D) inferred43.(A)subtle(B)obvious(C)mysterious(D)doubtful44.(A)maintained(B)described(C)settled(D)afforded45.(A)in the light(B)by virtue(C)with the exception(D)for the purpose46.(A)reduction(B)destruction(C)deprivation(D)restriction47.(A)upon(B)by(C)through(D)with48.(A)paid attention to(B)caught sight of(C)laid emphasis on(D)cast light on49.(A)develop(B)produce(c)stimulate(D)induce50.(A)if(B)as if(C)only if(D)if onlyPartⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television licence would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost20per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament gov-ern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive――advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A)he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B)everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C)advertising costs money like everything else(D)it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A)Securing greater fame.(B)Providing more jobs.(C)Enhancing living standards.(D)Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A)very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B)interested in nothing but the buyers'attention(C)correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D)obviously partial in his views on advertising54.In the author's opinton,__.(A)advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing.(B)advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over.(C)there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer.(D)the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisement.Passage2There are two basic ways to see growth:one as a product,the other as a process.People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion,the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast,the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine,since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the roaditsetf,but rather the attitudes and feellings people have,their caution or courge,as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.In this process,the journey never really ends;there are always new ways to experience the world,new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.In order to grow,to travel new roads,people need to have a willingness to take risks,to confront the unknown,and to accept the possibility that they may"fail"at first.How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow.Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious?If so,then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think we're shy and indecisive?Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate,to move slowly,and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe.Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge?Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow.If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts,if we protect ourselves too much,then we cease to grow.We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A)he has given up his smoking habit(B)he has made great efforts in his work(C)he is keen on leaming anything new(D)he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56.In the author's eyes,one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A)succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B)judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C)face difficulties and take up challenges(D)aim high and reach his goal each time57.When the author says"a new way of being"(line3,para.3) he is referring to__.(A)a new approach to experiencing the world(B)a new way of taking risks(C)a new method of perceiving ourselves(D)a new system of adaptation to change58.For personal growth,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A)curiosity about more chances(B)promptness in self-adaptation(C)open-mindedness to new experiences(D)avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage3In such a changing,complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated.Many of life's problemswhich were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this,there is the growing mobility of people since World WarⅡ.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off.Thus,things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.The individual now has more information available than any generation,and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated,time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible puter technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files,and to program computers to locate specific information.Telecommunicationsdevelopments enable the sending of messages via television,radio, and very shortly,electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity,the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate,reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business,social and family life,will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power"may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59.The word"it"(line3,para.2)most probably refers to__.(A)the lack of stable communities(B)the breakdown of informal information channels(C)the increased mobility of families(D)the growing number of people moving from place to place60.The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A)they have to learn new things consciously(B)they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C)they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D)they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61.From the passage we can infer that__.(A)electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B)it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C)people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D)events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62.We can learn from the last paragraph that__.(A)it is necessary to obtain as much(B)people should make the best use of the information(C)we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information.(D)it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage4Personality is to a large extent inherent――A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.But the environment must also have a profound effect,since if competition is important to the parents,it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of theirchildren.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is,by its very nature,a highly competitive institution.Too many schools adopt the'win at all costs'moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides,the first marathon runner,dropped dead seconds after saying:'Rejoice,we conquer!'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously,it is neither practical nor desirable that allA-youngsters change into B's.The world needs A types,and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment.It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.Perhaps selection for the caring professions,especially medicine,could bemade less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock.B's are important and should be encouraged.63.According to the passage,A-type individuals are usually__.(A)impatient(B)considerate(C)aggressive(D) agreeable64.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A)the pressure is too great on the students(B)some students are bound to fail(C)failure rates are too high(D)the results of exarninations are doubtful65.The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A)candidates'sensitivity(B)academic acbievements(C)competitive spirit(D)surer values66.From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A)the personality of a child is well established at birth(B)family innuence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics.(C)the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors(D)B-type characteristics can find no place in competitivesocietyPassage5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano,to recitation of a poem,and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory,remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.Typically,the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten;and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious.Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive.In this sense,the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded,when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety,forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless,an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all itspossible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration.Without fotgetting,adaptive ability would suffer,for example,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who(by or-dinary standards)forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view,continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage(input)and forgetting(output).Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67.From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A)forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.(B)if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C)the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability(D)sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68.According to the passage,if a person never forgot,__.(A)he would survive best(B)he would have a lot of trouble(C)his ability to learn would be enhanced(D)the evolution of memory would stop69.From the last paragraph we know that__.(A)forgetfulness is a response to learning(B)the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C)memory is a compensation for forgetting(D)the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70.In this article,the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A)remembering(B)forgetting(C)adapting(D) experiencingPartⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying,assigning,or promoting students,employees,and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books,magazines,the daily press,and even in congress.71)The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed orincompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools,with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless,or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades,research productivity,sales records,or whatever is appropriate.72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick,objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned,the sktlls he has developed,or the kind of person he is.The information so obtained has,qualitatively,the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.73)Whether to use tests.other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively whenwhat is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined.Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized,but there are many things they do not do.75)For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.PartⅤWrlting(15points)DIRECTIONS:A.Title:THE"PROJECT HOPE"B.Time limit:40minutesC.Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:"Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country".E.Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLEVE:1.Present sluation2.Necessity of the project3.My suggestion答案：1.D2.A3.B4.D5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A10.C11.A，renect12.D，if13.B，to which14.D，being 15.C，writing about或who write about16.D，affected17.C，whose18.C，as19.C，do much20.B，each time21.B 22.D23.C24.C25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A30. A31.D32.B33.A34.C35.B36.A37.D38.D39. A40.B41.B42.C43.C44.B45.D46.C47.A 48.D49.A50.B51.D52.A53.D54.C55.A56. C57.A58.D59.B60.C61.A62.D63.C64.B65. B66.C67.D68.B69.A70.B71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

中央财经大学考博英语翻译真题解析及命题规律教你如46.It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰the reason。

定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulate our reactions and not grasp music itself。

our reactions之后to it为其定语，it指代music。

定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。

【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。

②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中with words做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。

定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语to it在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。

and之后，grasp 依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。

【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。

（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)47.By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance,of his works.【句型分析】本句为并列句。