一、中国“面子观”研究综述
众所周知, 中国人以“爱面子”、“要面子”而著称。
汉语中与“面子”相关的词语有: 脸面、颜面、丢脸、
翻脸、赏脸、给脸、丢面子、顾面子、争面子、要面子、
给面子、留面子、面子上过得去/过不去、面子大/小、
事情办得体面/不体面、没脸见人、有嘴有脸、脸上贴
金、脸上下不来、不看僧面看佛面、打狗还看主人面、
死要面子活受罪等等。中国人类学家胡先缙女士用语义
分析的方法首先对“脸”和“面子”进行了研究。金耀
基把“面子”分为“社会性的面”和“道德性的面”。
“社会性的面”与西方“耻”( Shame) 的概念相联系。
“道德性的面”与西方“罪”(Guilt) 的概念相联系。香
港心理学家何有晖把“面子”定义为: 个人由于地位和
贡献而从他人那里获取到的尊重和顺从。大陆学者翟学
伟把社会上的各色人等分为四类: 第一类: 有脸、有面
子。第二类: 有脸、没面子。第三类: 没脸、没面子。
第四类: 没脸、有面子。毕继万(1996) 进行了“礼貌”
的文化特征研究。徐盛桓( 1992) 在外语学刊上发表了
《礼貌原则新拟》一文。Mao给中国的面子和脸分别定义
如下: Miànzi stands for p restige or reputation; Liǎn refers to
the respect of the group for a man with a good moral reputation
(Mao, 1994: 57) 北京大学的顾曰国先生根据中国的历
史文化背景和中国人日常交际的特点, 提出了汉语言文化交流中的4 个方面的礼貌特征: 尊敬、谦虚、热情、
文雅( respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and re2
finement) 。同时借鉴Leech的礼貌6原则, 总结了适合中
国国情的礼貌5准则: 贬己尊人准则( The Self - denigra2
tion \ dep reciation Maxim) , 指谈及自己或与自己相关的
事物时要“贬”、要“谦”; 指谓听者或与听者有关联的
事务时要“抬”、要“尊”; 称呼准则( The AddressMax2
im) , 指人们出自礼貌, 在相互称呼时仍按“上下、贵
贱、长幼”有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系;
文雅准则( Refinement Maxim) , 出言高雅、文质彬彬,
往往被认为是懂礼貌、“有教养”; 求同准则(Accordance
\ ConsistencyMaxim) 就是注意人的身份和社会地位要保
持相称, 说话双方力求和谐一致; 和德、言、行准则
(Virtue, Speech and BehaviorMaxim) , 指在行为动机上尽
量减少他人付出的代价, 尽量增大他人的益处; 在言辞
上尽量夸大别人给自己的好处, 尽量说小自己付出的代
价。这几点准则在下面这个例子中有所体现, 例如两位
教授在一次学术会议上的对话:
As is known to all, the Chinese "AiMianZi", "hadn" and celebrated.
Chinese and "face" related words: faces and facial and shameful,
Over face, to face, attendance, their face, for now, face, hadn,
To lose face, a face, of face ok/pass, face big/small,
Things have decent/no decent, small, has a mouth, face the effrontery to stick
Gold, face doesn't go down, don't watch SengMian see FoMian, dozen dog also see master face,
Respectable life and so on. Chinese anthropologists HuXianJin lady with semantics
Analysis method of first "face" and "face". JinYao
And the "face" into "social face" and "moral face".
"Social face" and the western "Shame" (Shame) are associated with the concept.
"Ethical face" and the western "sin" (Guilt) are associated with the concept. sweet
Port psychologists have across what the "face" defined as: personal because status and Contributions from others to respect and obedience. Mainland ZhaiXue scholars
"The social many different kinds of people as divided into four classes: the first kind: face, a face
The son. The second type: face, no face. Third class:'t dare, didn't face.
Iv:'t dare, have a face. Finish after all (1996) made a "polite"
The cultural features of research. XuChengHuan (1992) in foreign language published in the journal
The politeness principle new plans to "a cent. Mao to China's face and face were defined
As follows: Mianzi stands for p restige or reputation; Li ǎn refers to
The respect of the group for a man with a good moral reputation
(Mao, 1994:57) of the university of Beijing regard Mr Kingdom yue according to Chinese calendar
ShiWenHua background and Chinese daily communication, the paper introduces the characteristic of the Chinese language and culture in the exchanges of four polite characteristics: respect, humility, enthusiasm,
Elegant (respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and re2
Finement). At the same time the polite Leech reference principle 6, and summarizes the suit The situation of polite 5 standards kingdom: would have honour people standards (The
Self-denigra2
Tion \ dep reciation Maxim), refers to his related to oneself or talk about
When things to "down" and a "modest"; "Refers to the listener or with the listener linked Affairs to "carry" and a "respects"; Call standards (The AddressMax2
Im), to show people from polite, in mutual call still press "go up and down, expensive
His base, "other traditional to reflect the social interpersonal relations;
Elegant standards (Refinement Maxim), speak and decorous, gentle,
Is considered to be polite, "educated"; Seek the common standards (Accordance
\ ConsistencyMaxim) is to see the person's identity and status in society to protect
The match, talk to both sides in harmony; And Germany, say, and do criteria
(Virtue, Speech and BehaviorMaxim), in up to motives
Reduction of the others pays the price, try to increase the profit of the others; In the words As far as possible on the people give to exaggerate their own benefits, says as far as possible the small pay out your generation
Price. This some principles in the following example reflected, such as two
Professor in a conference of dialogue:
