Unit 1
一：.Important distinction in linguistics
1:prescriptive and descriptive (规范性和描述性）
If the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use , it is said to be descriptive.(be in or actually)
If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.(should be)
2:synchronic and diachronic (共识的和历时的）
synchronic is the description of a language at some point of time in history.
diachronic is the description of language as it changes through time.
3.speech and writing
Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons.
ngue and parole (语言和言语）
Langue refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.
5. Competence and performance （语言的能力和表现）
competence is the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ;performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
6.t raditional grammar and modern linguistics (传统语法和现代语言学）
二.Design features of language
●arbitrariness(任意性）：it means there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds.
●productivity（生产性）:language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the
construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.
●duality（双重性）：language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure of levels.
●displacement(替代性）：language can be used to refers to contexts removed from the
immediate situations of the speaker.
●cultural transmission（文化传递): it is passed on from one generation to the next through
teaching and learning.
Unit 2（重点）
一：the speech organs
lips,teeth,teeth ridge,hard palate,soft palate,uvula,tip of tongue,blade of tongue,back of tongue(most flexible),vocal cords,pharyngeal cavity,nasal cavity
二.phone，phoneme and allophone（音素，音位和音位变体）
Phone is a phonetic unit or segment.
Phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value, and it is a abstract unit.抽象的概念
Allophones is different phones represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments .
三.phonemic contrast,complementary distribution and minimal pair (音位的对立，互补的分布，最小对位）
If they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.
If they are allophones of the same phoneme,they do not distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.
When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs
