第二讲直译、意译
literal translation and free translation
1. The time-honuored debate over word-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation (Cicero, Horatius, Jerome etc.)
In China, the debate is 直译、意译
直译：支谦《法句经序》：因循本旨，不加文饰
意译：鸠摩罗什 (Kumarajiva) 《鸠摩罗什传》：改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似喂饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕秽也。
2．直译(literal translation)、意译(free translation、liberal translation)、死译(word for word translation)、胡译(uncontrolled/unrestricted translation)
死译：以此为单位、严格、机械的将译入语的词汇与原文对等，尽量做到“对号入座”。由于亦步亦趋，过分拘泥于原文的形式，译文生硬晦涩，往往是佶屈聱牙、难以卒读，或根本无法理解。
The body lay white and still beneath the tree.
Inadequate translation: 这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在树下。
The alternatives are clear to see. Inadequate translation: 代替的方法，现在已经清楚在望。
They have barely enough time to catch the train.
(讨论译文)他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。
It was an old and ragged moon.
（死译）那是一个又老又破的月亮。
Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth.
（死译）他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣。
Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own: in pain and sickness it would still be dear.
（死译）你肉中的每一个原子，对我来说，都像我自己的一样亲;它即使在病痛中，仍然是亲的。
发展是硬道理。
（死译）Development is hard reason.
这件事给邻居知道，岂不笑歪了嘴？
（死译）When neighbors heard of this, they’d laugh their mouths wry.
Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.
（死译）尼克松微笑着，基辛格笑得更宽阔。
An old dog like him never barks in vain. Whenever he barks, he always has some wise counsel worth listening to.
（死译）像他这样的老狗是从不乱叫的，一叫他总有高见值得一听。
The camera gives us a lasting picture with all details of the object.
(讨论译文)照相机给与我们包括物体一切细节的永久性照片。
Didn’t she swear she’d never again believe anything in trousers?
(讨论译文)她不是发誓再不相信穿裤子的东西了吗？
We in Zambia would like to build a colorblind society where all men can have equal opportunity.
(讨论译文)……建立一个色盲的社会……
那地方是块肥肉，谁都想吃。
(讨论译文)That place is a piece of fat meat, and everyone wants to eat it.
In Kino’s ears the Song of the Family was as fierce as a cry. He was immune and terrible. And his song had become a battle cry.
(讨论译文)在吉诺的耳朵里，“家庭之歌”象叫喊声一样的高昂。他是免疫的，可怕的，他的歌声变成了呐喊。
基诺耳边响起的家庭之歌，就像呐喊声声，凶猛激烈。现在他对于人间苦难，已是无所畏惧了，反而让别人胆战心惊。家庭之歌已变成了战场上的喊杀声。
The essence of pearl mixed with the essence of men a curious dark residue was precipitated.
(讨论译文)珍珠的要素和人的要素一混合，一种奇怪的黑渣滓便沉淀了下来。
直译：以句子为单位，尽量保持原文的语言结构、形式，以及隐喻等，有助于表现原文的形象、思维、语言趣味。
Nida: The deepest structure level of language invloves a pool of semantic universals. To be armed to tooth; （全副武装：意译）
Be packed like sardines （拥挤不堪：直译）
To shed crocodile tears
Ashton’s eyes sparkled with sudden satifaction.
艾士顿的眼睛突然闪出满意的神色。
Kunta burst suddenly into tears, as much in fear as in grief.
昆塔突然大哭起来，其害怕和悲哀是一样多。（死译）
昆塔突然大哭起来，一方面是出于悲哀，另一方面是出于恐惧。（直译）
When Jean graduated from high school she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses.
（直译）吉恩（琼）高中毕业的时候，是戴着玫瑰色的眼镜看周围的一切的。
（直译加意译）吉恩高中毕业的时候，总是透过玫瑰色的眼镜，把世界看得太容易、太美好。But no one forces you to go to the sea; it gets in your blood.
（直译）但谁也没有强迫你出海，他进到你的血液里了。
（意译）但谁也没有强迫你出海，是你心甘情愿的。
The burning questions of my childhood had been richly answered.
（直译）我儿童时代在我心中燃烧的问题，终于得到了丰富的回答。
（意译）我小时候梦寐以求想得到答案的问题，终于得到了圆满的回答。
意译：指从意义出发，将原文的大异翻译出来，使译文自然、流畅。意译不注意原文的形式，如句法结构、用词、隐喻等手段。一般而言，大部分情况下（70%-80%的情况）都可以用直译；在无法直译的情况下便采用意译。
Don’t monkey with my camera.
The hotels were all full so we had to pig it in an lod hut for the night.
I gradually wormed the secret out of him.
There is more agreement on the kinds of behaviour referred to by the term “intelligence” than there is on how to interpret or classify them.
Reagan was more than cordid to Ford as they met for 65minutes.
I couldn’t agree more.
This is a mere apology for soup.
这实在不成其为汤（这只是汤的粗劣的代用品）。
They were less than delighted to stay in town.
他们不乐意呆在城里。
Cary’s lips tightened, and suddenly a gun bellowed and something slammed Jim Gatlin in the shoulder and spun him like a top smashing him sidewise into the door. That first shot saved him from the second. Wing Cary had held a gun in his lap fired through the white cloth. There was sneering triumph in his eyes, and as though time stood still.Jim Catlin saw the smoldering of the black-rimmed circles of the holes in the cloth.
卡里的双唇紧闭，突然枪响了，有个东西击中吉姆?加特林的肩膀，并把他像陀螺一样转了起来。他被打得侧着身子倒向门口，因此第二颗子弹没有击中他。原来温?卡里在膝部放着一支枪并隔白布开了火。他眼睛里流露出胜利的狞笑，时间也好像停止了走动。吉姆?加特林看见白布上有两个洞眼，烧焦的边缘还在冒烟。
For Kino and Juana this was the morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born.
（直译）在基诺和胡安娜看来，这是他们生命中最了不起的一个早晨，只有宝宝出生的那一天，才可以与之媲美。
（意译）基诺和胡安娜认为，这一天非常重要。
I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.
（直译）我把青春献给海洋，我回到家的时候便把我的老年给了我的妻子。
（意译）我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已是白发苍苍。
Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.
（直译）在瞎子的王国里，独眼龙是国王。
（意译）山中无老虎，猴子称大王。
Cast pearls before swine.
（直译）把珍珠扔到猪面前。
（意译）对牛弹琴。
Lock the door after the horse has been stolen.
(讨论译文)亡羊补牢。
His reputation and achievements outlived him.
他的名望和成就比他本人经久多了。
Here again transportation rears its ugly head.
（直译）在这方面，运输问题又抬起它的丑恶脑袋了
（意译）在这方面，运输问题又讨厌地突出起来了。
胡译：指背离原文，随意的增加、删减、改变原文的内容。
Stop selling me to him.
(讨论译文)不要把我出卖给他了。
Try to be modest and prudent, guard against complacency.
(讨论译文)要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁。
He is physically weak but mentally sound.
(讨论译文)他身体虽弱，但思想健康。
It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
译1：当他站住并转身时,目光落在一个老年妇女的身上,她身材高,而且模样好，虽然时光使她变得干枯了。
译2：他站住了,转过身来,定睛一看,是个年迈的妇女,她身材高而且匀称，虽然受了时间的折磨而有点憔悴。
译3：他停住脚步,转过身来,目光落在一个年迈妇女身上。她身材高挑,虽受岁月的磨难而憔悴,但风韵仍不减当年。
When we were in port, my crew was responsible for moving, installing and modifying the items to be tested the next week. To compound the problems, our good ship Wyoming was declared to be unsafe.
原译：
进港后，船员们负责搬运、安装、调试仪器和设备，迎接下星期的试验。就在此关键时刻，我们的“怀俄明”号被宣布为不安全。
原文有两处漏译：To compound the problems（使问题复杂化）和good（好端端的）。改译：
入港后，舰上的官兵们忙着搬运、安装、调试仪器和设备，迎接下星期的试验。就在此时麻烦事来了：上级宣布我们这艘好端端的
“怀俄明”号为不安全舰只。
死译——————直译——————意译——————胡译
Translate literally, or, appeal to free translation.
In-class exercises:
1.It's more a poem than a picture.
2.Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draft.
3.The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.
4.Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness, I asked about the next bus to Hattiesburg.
5.The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.
1.与其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。
2.火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。
3.我陪着小心，用温和的口吻询问开往哈蒂斯堡下一斑车的情况。
4.循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。
5.患有流感的幼儿和老人可能并发细菌性肺炎。
6. World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.
他的著作举世闻名，而他个人却一直默默无闻，因为他一生始终避免抛头露面。
7.While you are in the act of summoning your energies, focus on a plan. Don't exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities.
在集中精力的过程中，要集中于一种打算；不要同时涉足各种可能的情况而搞得精疲力竭一事无成。
8.A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.
朋友是能使你表现出自己最佳品质的人，和他在一起你就会精神焕发，并且变得更具有友谊所要求的种种内涵。
9. To petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To petrol we owe the possibility of flying.
有了汽油，我们才有了汽车，取代了私人马车；有了汽油，我们才有可能飞上天空。
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第二讲：直译意译 举例： ?There is no smoke without fire. 无火不生烟／无风不起浪/ 事出必有因 2）巧妇难为无米之炊。 Even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice. / Nothing can be made out of nothing. 3)All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。 Do in Rome as Romans do.入乡随俗。 更多译例（词语层面）1 the moon ?直译：月亮 ?意译：玉兔，婵娟 ?太阳 ?直译：the sun ?意译：ball of fire , eye of heaven, giver of light, Apollo 更多译例（词语层面）2 ?瘦 ?直译：thin, lean ?意译：as thin as six o’clock, as slender as a thread, too thin to throw a shadow, be a bag of bones 更多译例（成语） ?to kill two birds with one stone ?直译：一石二鸟 ?意译：一箭双雕，一举两得 ?to teach a pig to play on a flute ?直译：教猪吹笛 ?意译：对牛弹琴 更多译例（谚语） ?The worst wheel of a cart creaks most. 直译：最坏的车轮最会嘎嘎响。 意译：能猫不叫，叫猫不能。才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，抱怨最忙。 定义 ?直译（literal translation）是指翻译时要尽量保持原作的语言形式，包括用词，句子结构，比喻手段等等，同时要求语言通顺流畅。(keep both content and form) ?意译(liberal translation)是从意义出发，只要求将原文大意表达出来，不注意细节，译文自然流畅即可。意译不注重原文形式，但并不意味着可以将原文随意删改或添枝加叶。(keep the meaning at the cost of the form)
第二讲翻译的标准和过程 英汉翻译 2011.2—2011.6 Focus: The Standard of Translation The Process of Translation When You Are Old By W. B. Yeats When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look, Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep. How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face. And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled, And paced upon the mountains overhead, And hid his face amid a crowd of stars. 爱尔兰著名诗人叶芝W. B. Yeats（1865-1939)于1923年获诺贝尔文学奖（Nobel Prize in Literature） 此诗献给她年轻时的恋人Maud Gonne（1865-1953）. Maud Gonne一心投身爱尔兰独立事业，与革命战友结为伴侣，Yeats苦恋一生， 为Maud Gonne写下了众多优美诗篇. “When you are old”是其中最经典的，也是在国内流传最广的一首诗。 当你年老时 傅浩译 当你年老，鬓斑，睡意昏沉， 在炉旁打盹时，取下这本书， 慢慢诵读，梦忆从前你双眸 神色柔和，眼波中倒影深深； 多少人爱你风韵妩媚的时光， 爱你的美丽出自假意或真情， 但唯有一人爱你灵魂的至诚， 爱你渐衰的脸上愁苦的风霜；
（直译与意译） 例如：Little fish doesn’t eat big fish. 直译：小鱼不吃大鱼 意译：胳膊拧不过大腿 试译:天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福to kill two birds with one stone to flog a dead horse a drop in the bucket to teach a pig to play on a flute 门庭若市：The courtyard is like a market. /a much visited house 危如累卵：as dangerous as a pile of
eggs/great insecurity; hazardous in the extreme 由于文化对语言的影响，有些语言成分只能意译，而不能直译，这主要体现在受本国文化影响最深的成语和谚语上。 hand in glove with:和...狼狈为奸 once in a blue moon: 千载难逢 乱七八糟：at sixes and sevens (seven disorders and eight chaos)
招风惹草：look for trouble (invite wind to exasperate the grass) It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 外甥打灯笼---照舅（旧） 归化与异化 （domestication/adaptation or foreignization / alienation） 归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具；在实践上，强调通俗易懂，避免多义或歧义。习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差
第二讲直译与意译 请判断下列每句原文后所给出译文的优劣。 1.I prefer driving to be driven. 我喜欢自己开车，不喜欢别人开车载我。 2.She had deprived herself of the advice of all but yesmen. 她喜欢唯唯诺诺的人，根本听不进所有其他人的劝告。 3. Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade. 失业人数总是居高不下，已经十多个年头了。（十多年来，失业人数总是居高不下） 4.有些厕所似乎仍是这次卫生打扫除的死角。 Some toilets seem immune to the clean-up campaign。 5.这个摊贩叫卖道：“快来买呀，过了这个村可没这个店了。” The peddler hawked:”Now or never!” 直译和意译 ?逐字对应、亦步亦趋的译文不见得就是真下忠于原文； 而适当的增减、灵活变通的译文则未必就不忠实于原文。问题在于语言外形上是否一致，翻译的任务就是追求内容、精神、信息与原文的一致。这样就有了直译与意译。 ?就翻译方法而论，总的来说，就是“直译法和意译法相结合”，又可细分为“照译”、“词义引伸”、“成分转换”、“句转成分”等译法。 ?直译和意译是重要的翻译理论和基本的研究主题。直译是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。意译,也称为自由翻译,它是只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。直译与意译相互关联、互为补充,同时,它们又互相协调、互相渗透,不可分割。通过对直译与意译二者关系的正确研究,更
第二讲直译、意译 literal translation and free translation 1. The time-honuored debate over word-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation (Cicero, Horatius, Jerome etc.) In China, the debate is 直译、意译 直译：支谦《法句经序》：因循本旨，不加文饰 意译：鸠摩罗什 (Kumarajiva) 《鸠摩罗什传》：改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似喂饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕秽也。 2．直译(literal translation)、意译(free translation、liberal translation)、死译(word for word translation)、胡译(uncontrolled/unrestricted translation) 死译：以此为单位、严格、机械的将译入语的词汇与原文对等，尽量做到“对号入座”。由于亦步亦趋，过分拘泥于原文的形式，译文生硬晦涩，往往是佶屈聱牙、难以卒读，或根本无法理解。 The body lay white and still beneath the tree. Inadequate translation: 这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在树下。 The alternatives are clear to see. Inadequate translation: 代替的方法，现在已经清楚在望。 They have barely enough time to catch the train. (讨论译文)他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。 It was an old and ragged moon. （死译）那是一个又老又破的月亮。 Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. （死译）他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣。 Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own: in pain and sickness it would still be dear. （死译）你肉中的每一个原子，对我来说，都像我自己的一样亲;它即使在病痛中，仍然是亲的。 发展是硬道理。 （死译）Development is hard reason. 这件事给邻居知道，岂不笑歪了嘴？ （死译）When neighbors heard of this, they’d laugh their mouths wry. Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly. （死译）尼克松微笑着，基辛格笑得更宽阔。 An old dog like him never barks in vain. Whenever he barks, he always has some wise counsel worth listening to. （死译）像他这样的老狗是从不乱叫的，一叫他总有高见值得一听。 The camera gives us a lasting picture with all details of the object.
三、意译法free translation 语言是文化的组成部分和载体。不同民族的文化之间既存在着差异又互相联系，既有各自独特的个性又有普遍的共性。这种不同文化之间的共性为两种语言文化的交流——翻译提供了基础和可行性。而两种语言文化的个性又给这种交流和翻译造成障碍和困难。口译时，如果按字面意思直译，意思可能含糊不请，不能确切表达原话的信息和文化内涵，有时还可能引起严重曲解，甚至与原意风牛马不相及，完全两回事。这时译员就要根据具体情况，采取其他变通办法，作适当的语法和词汇调整，或进行解释性翻译，或说明具体内容，关键是要译出原话的真正含义。这就是意译。例如，以下英语词语和句子若按字面意思或对等关系直译，结果不是产生歧义就是词不达意，只有意译才能确切表达原意。 直译意译 Queen’s English女王的英语标准英语 small talk 小声交谈闲聊 sandwichman卖三明治的人夹板广告员 queer fish 怪鱼怪人 black sheep 黑羊害群之马 lame duck 跛鸭落选的议员 Home Secretary 家庭秘书（英国的）内务大臣 at the eleventh hour 在第11点钟最后时刻 Wet paint! 湿油漆！油漆未干！ Keep off the lawn! 离开草坪！请勿践踏草坪！ I will show you the ropes. 我给你看些绳子我教你做法 Y ou’d better go to see a doctor.你最好去看医生。你最好去看病。He always tries to keep up with the Jones. 他总在极力追赶琼斯。他总在和周围的人攀比。 目前我们的对外宣传中出现了很多汉语新词语，这些词语都有特定的含义。如果不加分析一律采取对等直译，译出的英语可能概念模糊、意思不清，要不就是中式英语，外国人根本不理解。遇到这种情况，只能采取意译的方法。试比较以下汉语词语和句子的直译与意译的