南京大学考博真题_1101考博英语2012年

2012年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．As the world’s largest grain exporter, the United States has______power over the world food distribution system.A．assortedB．unrivaledC．compoundedD．intrigued正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。

assorted“组合的；混杂的”；unrivaled“无敌的，无比的，至高无上的”；compounded“复合的，化合的”；intrigued“好奇的；被迷住的”。

根据句意能与power(控制权)搭配的形容词只能是unrivaled。

故答案为B。

2．The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to______, but rather to increase with every new discovery.A．clarifyB．eliminateC．diminishD．extinguish正确答案：C解析：动词词义辨析。

空后的but一词表示转折，所以此空应填入与increase 意思相反的词，选项中只有diminish(使减少；使变小)符合这个要求。

故答案为C。

eliminate“排除，消除”；extinguish“熄灭；压制”。

3．Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more______emotion.A．compellingB．abidingC．violentD．sophisticated正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。

选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。

听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

南京大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析directions：in the following article，some sentences have been removed.for questions1-5，choose the most suitable one from the list a―g to fit into each of the numbered blank.there are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the gaps.it seems to me there are two aspects to women.there is the demure and the dauntless.men have loved to dwell，in fiction at least，on the demure maiden whose inevitable reply is：oh，yes，if you please，kind sir！the demure maiden，the demure spounse，the demure Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi mother―this is still the ideal.a few maidens，mistresses and mothers are demure.a few pretend to be.but the vast majority are not.and they don‘t pretend to be.we don’t expect a girl skilfully driving her car to be demure，we expect her to be dauntless.what good would demure and maidenly members of parliament be，inevitably responding：oh，yes，if you please，kind sir！―though of course there are masculine members of that kidney.―and a demure telephone girl？or even a demure stenographer？demureness，to be sure，is outwardly becoming，it is an outward mark of femininity，like bobbed hair.but it goes with inward dauntlessness.1）with the two kinds of femininity go two kinds of confidence：there are the women who are cocksure，and the women who are hensure.a really up-to-date woman is a cocksure woman.she doesn‘t have adoubt nor a qualm.she is the modern type.whereas the old-fashioned demure woman was sure as a hen is sure，that is，without knowing anything about it.she went quietly and busily cluciking around，laying the eggs and mothering the chickens in a kind of anxious dream that still was full of sureness.but not mental sureness.her sureness was a physical condition，very soothing，but a condition out of which she could easily be startled or frightened.it is quite amusing to see the two kinds of sureness in chickens. the cockerel is，naturally，cocksure.he crows because he is certain it is day.，then the hen peeps out from under her wing.he marches to the door of the henhouse and pokes out his lead assertively：ah ha！daylight，of course，just as i said！―and he majestically steps down the chicken ladder towards terra firma，knowing that the hens will step cautiously after him，drawn by his confidence.so after him，cautiously，step the hens.he crows again：ha-ha！here we are！―it is indisputable，and the hens accept it entirely.he marches towards the house.from the house a person ought to appear，scattering corn. why does the person not appear？the cock will see to it.he is cocksure. he gives a loud crow in the doorway，and the person appears.the hens are suitably impressed but immediately devote all their henny consciousness to the scattered corn，pecking absorbedly，while the cock runs and fusses，cocksure that he is responsible for it all.so the day goes on.the cock finds a tit-bit，and loudly calls the hens.they scuffle up in henny surety，and gobble the tit-bit.but when they find a juicy morsel for themselves，they devour it in silence，hensure.unless，of course，there are little chicks，when they most anxiously call the brood.but in her own dim surety，the hen is really much surer than the cock，in a differenty way.she marches off to lay her egg，she secures obstinately the nest she wants，she lays her egg at last，then steps forth again with prancing confidence，and gives that most assured of all sounds，the hensure cackle of a bird who has laid her egg.the cock，who is never so sure about anything as the hen is about the egg she has laid，immediately starts to cackle like the female of his species.he is pining to be hensure，for hensure is so much surer than cocksure.nevertheless，cocksure is boss.when the chickenhawk appears in the sky，loud are the cockerel‘s calls of alarm.then the hens scuffle under the verandah，the cock ruffles his feathers on guard.the hens are numb with fear，they say：alas，there is no health in us！how wonderful to be a cock so bold！―and they huddle，numbed.but their very numbness is hensurety.just as the cock can cackle，however，as if he had laid the egg，so can the hen bird crow.she can more or less assume his cocksurensess.2）it seems to me just the same in the vast human farmyard.only nowadays all the cocks are cackling and pretending to lay eggs，and all the hens are crowing and pretending to call the sun out of bed.3）so the women step forth with a good loud cock-a-doodle-do！the tragedy about cocksure women is that they are more cocky，in their assurance，than the cock himself.they never realize that when the cock gives his loud crow in he morning，he listens acutely afterwards，to hear if some other wretch of a cock dare crow defiance，challenge.to the cock，there is always defiance，challenge，danger and death on the clear air；or the possibility thereof.but alas，when the hen crows，she listens for no defiance or challenge.when she says cock-a-doodle-do！then it is unanswerable. the cock listens for an answer，alert.but the hen knows she is unanswerable.cock-a-dooodle-do！and there it is，take it or leave it！4）it is the tragedy of the modern woman.she becomes cocksurem，she puts all her passion and energy and years of her life into some effort or assertion，without ever listening for the denial which she ought to take into count.she is cocksure，but she is a new all the time.frightened of her own henny self，she rushes to mad lengths about votes，or welfare，or sports，or business：she is marvellous，out-manning the man.but alas，it is all fundamentally disconnected. it is all an attitude，and one day the attitude will become a weird cramp，a pain，and then it will collapse.and when it has collapsed，and she looks at the eggs she has laid，votes，or miles of typewriting，years of business efficiency―suddenly，because she is a hen and not a cock，all she has done will turn into pure nothingness to her.5）[a]if women today are cocksure，men are hensure.men are timid，tremulous，rather soft and submissive，easy in their very henliketremulousness.they only want to be spoken to gently.[b]the girl who has got to make her way in life has got to be dauntless，and if she has a pretty，demure manner with it，then luck girl.she kills two birds with two stones.[c]conventional ideas about women seems pretty much cut and dried in the modern society.[d]and yet she is never so easy，cocksure，as she used to be when she was hensure.cocksure，she is cocksure，but uneasy.hensure，she trembles，but is easy.[e]and it is this that makes the cocksureness of women so dangerous，so devastating.it is really out of scheme，it is not in relation to the rest of things.so we have the tragedy of cocksure women.they find，so often，that instead of having laid an egg，they have laid a vote，or an emply ink-bootle，or some other absolutely unhatchable object，means nothing to them.[f]but the women pointed out the men had not produced anything，and the human race was pretty much starving.[g]suddenly it all falls out of relation to her basic henny self，and she realizes she has lost her life.the lovely henny surety，the hensureness which is the real bliss of every female，has been denied her：she had never had it.having lived her life with such utmost strenuousness and cocksureness，she has missed her life altogether. nothingness！答案及解析1）b.为生计所打拼的女孩子不得不勇敢无畏，如果她举止又温驯娴淑，那么她就是个幸运的女孩子。

南京大学考博英语真题2006年答案Section 1Part 11-5 AABCC 6-10 CBDDCPart 211-15 BCDDC 16-20 DDCACPart 321-25 ADAAC 26-30 CBDCD31-35 DAAAC 36-40 BBABBSection 241-45. D A C A B 46-50 B A C C C 51-55 C A B A C 56-60 B C B D DTranslationPart A放弃对于获得幸福至关重要，其重要性并不逊于努力。

面对我们可以阻止的不幸，明智的人不会屈服，但对于那些不可避免的甚至是可以避免的事情，若时间和经历要求他们放弃以追求更加重要的东西，他们不会浪费时间和感情而是选择顺从。

很多人常常为鸡毛蒜皮的琐事而大发脾气，并因此浪费了大量原本可以有大用处的大量精力。

在追求真正重要的目标中太过沉溺，导致潜在失败的可能性时时威胁我们的思维，这是不明智的。

工作效率往往和我们所投入的感情并不对称。

事实上，情感偶尔会妨碍效率。

我们在服从命运安排的同时应当竭尽全力。

顺从分两种：其一是源于绝望，其二则源于不可征服的希望……前者坏，后者好。

Part B1.In a populous city, the idea that a man must know his neighbors has been extinct. But it is stilltrue of that in small towns and villages.2.People living as long as each other may have quite different lifestyles. Some go far away andenjoy fantastic scenery while others are incarcerated in a small room and until death does them not know how far-flung the world is.3.The biggest falsehood of humans is they take for that social and political problems are sosimple that they can be judged and solved with practical experience, instead of strict training with scientific methods. Unfortunately, it is quite contrary in the case.4.You can’t get rid of jealousness merely through being successful because there are someone inhistory who are more successful than you. Enjoy the happiness at hand and do what you are supposed to do. Don’t compare what you imagine or even entirely wrong with those who are more lucky than you. Then, you can cast off jealousness.5.So, this is the true spiritual civilization: make the most of human’s brightness and wiseness tofind truth, to control nature, to change matters for human’s use, to relieve human of needless hardships, to liberate human’s spirit from blindness and superstition.南京大学考博英语真题2007年答案Section 1Part 11-5 AAABC 6-10 BCCDAPart 211-15 ABCBA 16-20 CDCAAPart 321-25 CADBA 26-30 BAAACSection 231-34 B D B C 35-38 D A B D 39-42 B C A B 43-46 D D D C 47-50 B A C BTranslationPart A可以肯定的是，今天的人们对于成功的渴望以及其为我们带来的好处绝不亚于过去。

2012年南京大学法学院考博真题分享（回忆版）来源：（强烈建议去这个网站购买正版！）因为有四个专业，估计17个导师，故每个导师出了两道题，考生自己选择与所报导师相关题目杨春福，周安平：1.试论自然法学派的发展历程、主要内容及其对当代中国法治建设的借鉴意义2.试比较亚里士多德的正义理论与罗尔斯的正义论张仁善3.试论中国法治进程中如何处理好继承本土法律传统与移植先进法律文明的关系4．论述中国实现司法公正所面临的政治、社会与文化的挑战王太高5.国务院发布的《全面推进依法行政实施纲要》将“合法行政”界定为“行政机关实施行政管理，应当依照法律、法规、规章的规定进行；没有法律、法规、规章的规定，行政机关不得作出影响公民、法人和其他组织合法权益或者增加公民、法人和其他组织义务的决定。

”谈谈你对该条规定的理解。

6.公司法第199条规定：“违反本法规定，虚报注册资本、提交虚假材料或者采取其他欺诈手段隐瞒重要事实取得公司登记的，由公司登记机关责令改正，对虚报注册资本的公司，处以虚报注册资本金额百分之五以上百分之十五以下的罚款；对提交虚假材料或者采取其他欺诈手段隐瞒重要事实的公司，处以五万元以上五十万元以下的罚款；情节严重的，撤销公司登记或者吊销营业执照。

”结合我国《行政处罚法》《行政许可法》评析该条规定。

孙国祥7.试析受贿罪构成要件中“为他人谋取利益”的规定8.结合我国历次刑法修改论述经济刑法的发展与趋势狄小华9.试析正当程序在刑事解纷中的应用10.以权力与权利关系评述我国刑诉法修正草案叶金强、张淳（是两道案例题，字数太多，省略了。

不好意思）11.12.范建13.试论民商事规范区分14.试论商事风险吴建斌15.运用法律经济学原理解释少数股东特别保护制度的价值考量16.运用具体案例阐述公司合同理论在公司纠纷中适用思路金俭17.试述公民不动产物权体系及现行法上对不动产物权规定有无需要改进的地方18.试述公民不动产财产所有权行使限制在公私法的体现李友根19.试论反不正当竞争法对模仿自由的调整20.以消费者反悔权为例，试述消费者权益保护法的经济法原理肖冰21.试论国际条约在中国法律体系中的法源地位22.运用WTO中涉华案件，说明WTO体制下所存在的中国特殊问题胡晓红23.论述国际经济法法律地位——兼论国际商法的独立性24.比较反不正当竞争法（反垄断法）制度与反倾销法律制度的差异来源：（强烈建议去这个网站购买正版！）。

2012年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．I had to______my desire to laugh while being scolded by my supervisor.A．repressB．depressC．compressD．distress正确答案：A解析：A选项：repress的意思为“抑制，约束”，如；She repressed her desire tomention his name．(她压制住自己，没有提他的名字。

)根据句意：当被导师斥责时，我不得不强忍着笑，故选A。

其他三项意思分别是：depress压下，使沮丧，使萧条；compress压紧，压缩；distress使痛苦。

2．All living languages______, and English seems to change more readily than some others.A．evokeB．evacuateC．evolveD．evade正确答案：C解析：C选项：evolve的意思为“演变，进化”，如：Language is constantly anolgradually evolving．(语言在不断地缓慢发展。

)根据句意：现代使用着的所有语言都在不断地发展，而英语似乎比其他某些语言更易发生变化，故选C。

其他三项意思分别是：evoke引起，唤起；evacuate撤离，疏散；evade逃避，回避。

3．He has always been a source of inspiration to me and I hope that he will take it as a ______when I say that.A．compassionB．complimentC．complicationD．supplement正确答案：B解析：B选项：compliment的意思为“赞美(话)”，如：I was embarassed by theircompliment．(对他们的称赞我感到很不安。

南京大学考博英语模拟试题解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1（10points）The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,1this is largely because,2animals,we stand upright.This means that our noses are 3to perceiving those smells which float through the air,4the Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact 5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of7human smells even when these are8to far below one part in one million.Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,9others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate10smell receptors in the nose.These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send11to the brain.However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell12can suddenly become sensitive to it when13to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it14to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can15new receptors if necessary.This may16explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.We are not17of the usual smell of our own house but we18new smells when we visit someone else's.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors19for unfamiliar and emergency signals20the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore6.[A]even if[B]if only[C]only if[D]as if7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses12.[A]at first[B]at all[C]at larg[D]at times13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice19.[A]availabe[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable20.[A]similar to[B]such as[C]along with[D]aside fromSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1（40points）Text1Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking,you might even be outraged.Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it all too monkey,as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are good-natured,co-operative creatures,and they share their food tardily.Above all,like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males.Such characteristicsmake them perfect candidates for Dr.Brosnan's and Dr.de waal's；study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods（and much preferable to cucumbers）So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber,or refused to；accept the slice of cucumber Indeed,the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber（without an actual monkey to eat it）was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions,in the wild,they are a co-operative, groupliving species,Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone,Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stemsform the common ancestor that the species had35million years ago, is,as yet,an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic byA.posing a contrast.B.justifying an assumption.C.making a comparison.D.explaining a phenomenon.22.The statement“it is all too monkey”（Last line,paragraph l）implies thatA.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B.resenting unfairness is also monkeys'nature.C.monkeys,like humans,tend to be jealous of each other.D.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA.more inclined to weigh what they get.B.attentive to researchers'instructions.C.nice in both appearance and temperament.D.more generous than their male companions24.Dr.Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA.prefer grapes to cucumbers.B.can be taught to exchange things.C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D.are unhappy when separated from others.25.What can we infer from the last paragraph？A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure？That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain？That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way？Lots of Americans bought that nonsense,and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.The president of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this keypoint in te preface to the panel's repor“Science never h all the answers But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base importantpolicies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.this is a dangerous game：by the100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research-a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was thatA.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B.the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.C.people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D.antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27.According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve asA.a protector.B.a judge.C.a critic.D.a guide.28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”（Last line,paragraph4）A.Endless studies kill action.B.Careful investigation reveals truth.C.prudent planning hinders.D.Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author,what should the Administration do aboutA.Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B.Raise public awareness of conservation.C.Press for further scientific research.D.Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with thatof smoking becauseA.they both suffered from the government's negligence.B.a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.C.the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D.both of them have turned from bad to worse.Text3Of all the components of a good night's sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control.In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears,by the late1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat,regulating moods while the brainis“off-line”And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control,to help us sleep and feel better,“It's your dream”says Rosalind Cartwright,chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center.“If you don't like it,change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.The brain is as active during REM（rapid eye movement）sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake,says Dr,Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.But not all parts of the brain are equallyinvolved,the limbic system（the“emotional brain”）is especially active,while the prefrontal cortex（the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet.“We wake up from dreams happy of depressed,and those feelings can stay with us all day”says Stanford sleep researcher Dr,William Dement.And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken,identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead,the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course.With much practice people can learn to,literally,do it in their sleep.At the end of the day,there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of“we wake u in a panic,”Cartwright says Terrorism,economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety.Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us,the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.31.Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA.can be modified in their courses.B.are susceptible to emotional changes.C.reflect our innermost desires and fears.D.are a random outcome of neural repairs.中国考博辅导首选学校32.By referring to the limbic system,the author intends to showA.its function in our dreams.B.the mechanism of REM sleep.C.the relation of dreams to emotions.D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex.33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend toA.aggravate in our unconscious mind.B.develop into happy dreams.C.persist till the time we fall asleep.D.show up in dreams early at night.34.Cartwright seems to suggest thatA.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll.C.dreams should be left to their natural progression.D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

Ⅰ.Complete each of the following sentences with the best answer. (0.5’*40)1.Until he took off his glasses __________.A. I didn’t recognize himB. I hadn’t recognized himC. didn’t I recognize himD. hadn’t I recognized him2.We can __________ that after some time our farmers will be able to __________ international competition.A. expect; fit themselvesB. presume; adjust toC. assume; adapt toD. suppose; get used to3. A good reader can tell the difference between words that sound __________, and know ____________ to usethem.A. like; why and howB. alike; why and whereC. like how and whereD. alike; when and how4.90 percent of all English writing ____________ 1,000 basic words.A. is consistedB. consist ofC. consists ofD. consisted5.____________ to develop his talent, Adam could become an excellent artist.A. AllowedB. AllowingC. Being allowedD. Have been allowed6.Don’t ever drive past a hitchhiker, ____________?A. will youB. don’t youC. do youD. can you7.As a senior professor she should have known better ____________ to get involved in such a scandal.A. and notB. but notC. thanD. than not8.His power was seriously ____________ by a succession of crises, and when he died, a bitter power struggle____________.A. weakened; was ensuedB. eroded; ensuedC. damaged; followedD. reduced; occurred9.Leonardo da Vinci ____________ caged birds in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.A. was said to buyB. is said to buyC. has said to buyD. is said to have bought10.In China, customers pay far less for a DVD than ____________ countries.A. those in manyB. in manyC. those in many otherD. in many other11.____________dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A. AlthoughB. whateverC. AsD. However12.The party, ____________I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A. by whichB. for whichC. to whichD. at which13.If only I ____________ play the guitar as well as you!A. wouldB. couldC. shouldD. might14.It’s high time we ____________ cutting down the rainforests.A. stoppedB. had to stopC. shall stopD. stop15.The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____________ impossible to comprehend.A. has foundB. was findingC. had foundD. would find16.Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone____________ an opportunity to hear the speech.A. ought to haveB. must haveC. may haveD. should have17.I am surprised____________ this city is a dull place to live in.A. that you should thinkB. by what you are thinkingC. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking18.Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not____________ for her work.A. enough goodB. good enoughC. as good enoughD. good as enough19.It is imperative that the government ____________ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.A. attractsB. shall attractC. attractD. has tond belongs to the city; there is ____________ thing as private ownership of land.A. no such aB. not suchC. not such aD. no such21.My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk____________far.A. /B. suchC. thatD. as22.The statistics ____________ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.A. provesB. is provingC. are provingD. prove23.There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ____________ the spoilt ones.A. not countingB. not to countC. don’t countD. having not counted24.It was ____________we had hopedA. more a success thanB. a success more thanC. as much of a success asD. a success as much as25.There used to be a petrol station near the park, ____________?A. didn’t itB. doesn’t thereC. usedn’t it?D. didn’t there26.It is an offence to show ____________ against people of different races.A. distinctionB. differenceC.separationD. discrimination27.A great amount of work has gone into ____________ the Cathedral to its previous splendour.A. refreshingB. restoringC. renovatingD. renewing28.The thieves fled with the local police close on their ____________.A. backsB. necksC. toesD. heels29.The economic recession has meant that job____________ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness30.Many people nowadays save money to ____________ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip31.The tone of the article ____________ the writer’s mood at the time.A. reproducedB. reflectedC. imaginedD. imitated32.The job of a student accommodation officer____________ a great many visits to landladies.A. concernsB. offersC. asksD. involves33.Our family doctor’s clinic ____________at the junction of two busy roads.A. restsB. standsC. staysD. seats34.She was so fat that she could only just ____________ through the door.A. assembleB. appearC. squeezeD. gather35.After the heavy rain, a builder was called to repair the roof, which was ____________.A. leakingB. tricklingC. prominentD. noticeable36.The reception was attended by ____________ members of the local community.A. excellentB. conspicuousC. prominentD. noticeable37.Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but ____________slightly in the afternoon.A. regainedB. recoveredC. restoredD. revived38.His ____________ brain has worked away on the idea of a universal cure.A. richB. quickC. productiveD. fertile39.The couple has donated a not____________ amount of money to the foundation.A. inconsiderableB. inconsiderateC. inaccurateD. incomparable40.I hear that it is estimated that the number of people ____________ less than one dollar a day has____________ one billion worldwide.A. relying on; gone up toB. living on; exceededC. depending on; reached overD. living with; surpassedⅡ.Proofreading and error correction (1’*10)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline it and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “︿” sign and write the missing word in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary w ord with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Many artist today are in what is called applied art. They usetheir ability in advertise, interior decoration, or some similar job. 41. ________ But people in business which hire the artists for that kind of wok 42. ________say that simple artist ability is not enough. There are lots of young 43. ________people who have that. But not enough of them who know anything 44. ________about physics, or mechanical things, or math.To be a druggist you have to study chemistry. You can’t learnchemistry without knowing something about algebra.How about a nurse? One of the requiring subjects in a course of 45. ________nursing is known to “materia medica”. In “materia medica” you’ll46. ________learn how to figure out doses and prepare for medicines. Algebra is 47. ________important in doing the figuring. Too many student nurses flunk outof the course because of their weak math.It’s the same for many trades. If you want to be a crafts-man, 48. ________a machinist, a molder, and a patternmaker, you’ll need algebra and49. ________geometry and even trigonometry.Even you want to go into business for yourself, you’ll need50. _______math. Business today, whether it is running a little gas station or abig factory, takes good management. Good management takes mathematics.Ⅲ.Reading comprehension (2*20)Text AAmerica’s most relentless examiner, the Educational Testing Service, has developed computer software, known as E-Rater, to evaluate essays on the Graduate Management Admission Test. Administered to 200,000 business school applicants each year, the GMAT includes two 30-minute essays that test takers type straight into a computer. In the past, those essays were graded on a six-point scale by two readers. This month, the computer will replace one of the readers with the proviso that a second reader will be consulted if the computer and human-reader scores differ by more then a point.It’s one thing for a machine to determine whether a bubble has been correctly filled in, but can it read outside the lines, so to speak? Well, yes and no. E-Rater “learns” what constitutes good and bad answers from a sample of pregraded essays. Using that information, it breaks the essay down to its syntax, organization and contents. The software checks basics like subject-verb agreement and recognizes phrases and sentence structures that are likely to be found in high-scoring essays.Of course, the machine cannot “get” a clever turn of phrase or an unusual analogy. “If I’m unique, I might not fall under the scoring instructions,” concedes Frede ric McHale, a vice president at the GMAT Council. One the other hand, E-Rater is mercilessly objective and never tired halfway through a stack of essays. The upshot: a pretrial tests, E-Rater and a human reader were just as likely to agree as were two read ers. “It’s not intended to judge a person’s creativity,” says Darrel Laham, co-developer of the Intelligent Essay Assessor, a computer-grading system similar to E-Rater. “It’s to give students a chance to construct a response instead of just pointing at a bubble.”That won’t reassure traditionalists, who argue that writing simply can’t be reduced to rigid adjective plussubject plus verb formulations. “Writing is a human act, with aesthetic dimensions that computers can only begin to understand,” says David Schaafsman, a professor of English education at Teachers Colleges of Columbia University. The Kaplan course, a leader in test prep, has taken a more pragmatic approach: it has issued a list of strategies for “the age of the computerized essay.” One of its tips: use transitional phrases like “therefore”, and the computers just might think you’re Dickens.51.E-Rater is described as __________.A. a substitute for GMATB.America’s most relentless examinerC. a machine to grade bubble-filling papersD. a computer-grading system52.In paragraph two, the expression “read outside the lines” refers to the ability to __________.A.understand student essaysB.report scoresC.recognize a wrong bubbleD.judge a person’s creativity53.Frederic McHale implies that if the test taker is unique, he would __________.A.get a top gradeB.get an average gradeC.be at an advantageD.be at a disadvantage54.It seems that Professor Schaafsman agrees with __________.A. traditionalistsB. Darrell LahamC. supporters of E-RaterD. the Kplan course designers55.What is the implied meaning of “the computer just might think you’re Dickens”?A.It thinks you are great at tests.B.It thinks you are doing great.C.It thinks your essay is with great wording.D.It thinks your essay is written by Dickens himself.Text BAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don’t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. It’s not taboo to talk about fat; it’s taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like theU.S., thin is “in”, fat is “out”.It’s not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and “in shape”. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America’s fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people’s bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.56. From the passage we can infer taboo is__.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.B. a crime committed on impulse.C. behavior considered unacceptable in society’s eyes.D. an unfavorable impression left on other people.57. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude “being fat” __ in American society.A. will always remain a taboo.B. is not considered a taboo by most people.C. has long been a taboo.D. may no longer be a taboo some day.58. The topic of fat is __ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than.59. Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is__.A. their changed life-style.B. their eagerness to stay thin and youthful.C. their appreciation of the importance of exercise.D. the encouragement they have received from their companies.Text CA 1990 United Nations survey revealed that the more highly developed countries spend an average of 2to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hungarian citizens complain: “There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catc h traffic violators.”Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since “kidnapping is on the rise across Latin America,” says Time magazine, the governments there have responded with laws that are “at once vigorous and ineffectual… Passing laws is one thing,” it admits, “applying them another.”It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least four million homes, existed in 1992. Similar programs were implemented in Australia in the mid-1980s. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime “by improving citizens’ awareness about public safety, by improving residents’ attitudes and behavior in reporting crime and suspicious events in the neighborhood and byreducing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices.”Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, banks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a tool for identifying lawbreakers.In Nigeria the police have checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made up of community leaders inform the police of criminal activity and people of questionable character.Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft devices for cars sell well. People who can afford to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums.The London newspaper the indep endent commented: “As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers.” And more and more people are arming themselves. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun. Governments are constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN sources, so many gifted people are finding “unique me thods of carrying on criminal activity” that “the training of law enforcement personnel” cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and “gaining for themselves high positions in society.”60. What is the main reason for citizens to take in hand the defense of themselves?A.there are not enough policemenB.they do not trust the rule of lawC.the police force is inefficientD.security devices do not work61. A neighborhood watch scheme will probably do all the following EXCEPT ___________A. helping to install anti-theft devicesB. raising citizens’ consciousness of community safetyC. helping citizens to claim a lost propertyD. encouraging citizens to report suspicious events62. According to the author, the outlook for ending crime is _______________A.rosyB.unclearC.hard to describeD.bleak63. According to the Time Magazine, the measures taken by governments in Latin America _____________.A. will have much effect at onceB. focuses on increasing the size of the police forceC. are intended to catch more traffic violatorsD. are seemingly strong but will have little effectText DIt has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation,the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on t he Sun’s magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.64. The author focuses primarily on ______________ .A.two competing scientific models concerning the sun’s magnetic fieldB.an overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physicsC.the reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solvedD.the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial climate with solar activity65. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons are the late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records important?A.They contradict the theory of the Maunder minimumB.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climateC.They verify the existence of a span of unusual cold worldwide during the Maunder minimumD.They show that the European observations are of dubious statistical significance66. On which of the following assumptions is based the belief that tree-ring thicknesses show links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate?A.Solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the period in questionB.Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to speciesC.Tree-ring thickness varies with changes in terrestrial climateD.Both terrestrial climate and solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thicknessText EThe first time I saw Stephen Leacock at close quarters he came swinging into a classroom in Moyse Hall, the serenely ugly old Arts Building of McGill University in Montreal. The room was packed with undergraduates like me who had come with huge curiosity to listen to their first lecture on political science by a man whose humorous writing had rocked the English-speaking world with laughter, but who was a campus character for very different reasons.Leacock enjoyed a reputation for eccentricity and for an impish individualism that expressed itself in blunt speech on every subject. Naturally we looked him carefully.What we saw was a shock of graying hair crowning a rugged face that wore a friendly smile, emphasized by crinkles of mirth about the ey es. I remember thinking, “He could use a haircut.” His necktie had slipped its moorings, and his tweedy suit looked slept-in. Across his vest his watch chain had come apart in the middle and had been put together with a safety pin. The effect was of a man who gave no thought to his appearance. But his manner was far too buoyant to suggest the absent-minded professor.His apparel was topped by one of those loose, black gowns professors wore in those days. Leacock’s had been acquired about the time he received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1903. Even though the garment was showing signs of wear in 1914, it was still one of the essential properties of his play-acting. At least a dozen times during every lecture it would slip off his shoulders and seize him by the crook of his elbows. Without pause in the flow of talk and motion——he was a walking lecturer——a great shrug of the shoulders would hoist the gown part way into place.Leacock was tremendously proud of his Chicago Ph. D., but it was inescapably in character that he must spoof it. “The meaning of this degree,” he quipped in a lecture, “is that the recipient has been examined for the last time in his life and pronounced full. After this, no new ideas can be imparted to him.” In similar vein, after returning from a holiday abroad he told his class, “I was sitting quietly in my cabin when a steward knocked and, after making sure I am called Doctor, asked if I would come and look at the stewardess’s knee. I was off like a shot, but another fello w got there ahead of me. He was a Doctor of Divinity.”What came through to me, even in the first lecture, was Leacock’s warmth and humanness. I knew I was listening to a man who loved young people and was determined to give them as much wisdom as he could. His teaching methods were unconventional. He couldn’t resist the temptation to explore bypaths. In discussing the days of Queen Victoria, he mentioned Disraeli, and this set him off to talk about the man rather than the Prime Minister——his way of living, his quick mind, his dilettantism, his great love affair with his wife. The digression lifted the great statesman into a framework of his own and, when Leacock returned to the main line of his subject, the listener understood, in a way no textbook could inform him, how such a man could bring off the coup which gave Britain control of the Suez Canal and made the Empire impregnable for decades to come.67. Stephen Leacock could be described as all the following EXCEPT _____________.A.careless about his appearanceB.witty and eloquentC.an inspiring professorD.an absent-minded person68. Leacock’s account of being summoned to look at a stewardess’s knee _________________.A.tells us that he was always ready to help othersB.indicates that he was an incompetent doctorC.reveals that he was very proud of his degreeD.shows that he could playful sometimes69. Speaking of Disraeli, a conventional professor would probably have ______________.A.focused on his accomplishments as a statesmanB.talked about his family lifeC.explored the little-known aspects of the personD.looked at him from a fresh perspective70. Which of the following statements about Disraeli is NOT true?A. Disraeli once served as Prime Minister in the days of Queen Victoria.B. Disraeli was the biggest shareholder of the Suez Canal CompanyC. Disraeli contributed to making the British Empire the most powerful countryD. Disraeli was instrumental in Britain’s successful control of the Suez CanalⅣ.Translation (15’)Chinese-to- English translation. (8’)澳门在地理位置上靠近港、台地区及东南亚各国。

南京大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题A卷《马克思主义发展史》适合专业：马克思主义发展史研究、国外马克思主义研究一、名词解释每题6分，共计30分1、市民社会2、“第一个历史活动”（《德意志意识形态》）3、拜物教4、帝国主义5、矛盾的过度决定（阿尔都塞）二、辨析题每题20分，共计60分1、请辨析“实践”与“物质生产”两个概念在唯物主义历史观中的功能异同。

2、请辨析“经济基础”与“生产方式”概念的异同。

3、请辨析人本主义与科学主义两种马克思主义解释的核心差别。

三、论述题每题30分，共计60分1、请阐明马克思对黑格尔辩证法的批判与继续关系。

2、请阐明你对西方马克思主义在今天的意义与价值之看法。

科学技术哲学《科学思想史》A卷一、简答题每题15分，共计75分1、简述亚里士多德的物理学思想。

2、牛顿绝对时空观的基本观点是什么？有何局限性？3、你认为痒的发现者是普利斯特里，还是拉瓦锡？为什么？4、如何评价地质学史上的“水火之争”？5、简述科学中心转移的含义及其意义。

二、论述题每题25分，共75分1、概述李约瑟问题的内涵，并谈谈你对这一问题的看法。

2、论述爱因斯坦质能关系式的物理学意义及其哲学意义。

3、论述科技与社会的关系。

宗教学《宗教艺术》一、名词解释每题10分，共计40分1、莫高窟2、武宗元3、图腾崇拜4、犍陀罗艺术二、简述题每题20分，共计40分1、试述唐代道释画的成就。

2、试述秦始皇陵兵马俑的艺术风格。

三、论述题选作2道，每题35分，多做不得分，共计70分1、试论宗教与艺术的关系。

2、谈谈你对原始雕刻的朴拙意象风格的认识。

3、佛教对中国艺术产生了哪些影响。

宗教学《宗教学概论》（含宗教与文化）一．简答题每题10分，共60分1、原罪说2、天命说3、信安拉说4、天人感应5、原生型宗教6、人为宗教三、论述题每题30分共90分1、论宗教的作用2、论宗教产生的认识论根源3、如何理解中国传统宗教的多神崇拜？。

（不明确是对应哪门课）。

南京大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试题《哲学基础》考试科目名称及代码：哲学基础（2201）
适用专业：哲学各专业
论述题（共100分，每题50分，任意选做两题）
1、马克思与费尔巴哈的思想关系为历史线索与依据，论述你对马克思主义革命实质意义的理解。

2、格物致知”的哲学意涵——兼对程朱理学“格物致知”论与陆王心学“格物致知”论进行比较。

3、如何论述纯粹理性的二律背反？试举出他的一两个二律背反，分析其如何证明正题和反题，这种证明中的强项和存在的问题。

他的这些论述如何表达了理性辩证法，对于研究认识的辩证规律意义何在？
4、演绎逻辑与归纳逻辑的历史发展及其在逻辑应用中的互补机制。

5、马克思主义关于道德的起源和发展规律的基本观点。

6、反两方面论述宗教的社会功能。

7、学技术哲学的角度，阐述科学与技术的特点，并试论两者的关系。

8、佛教与婆罗门教的关系。

2012年南京大学考博试题管理研究（每题25%）
1、试运用管理学的相关理论分析美国苹果公司前总裁乔布斯成功的原因。

2、近年来一些企业的劳动关系问题成为社会热点问题，尤其是“临时工”、“借用人员”
等成为负面事件的“替罪羊”，请分析产生这样结果的原因和可能的解决对策。

3、随着信息与通讯技术的发展与广泛应用，组织管理涌现出了诸多新的概念与形式，
比如无边界组织、知识员工2.0等，请问这对组织管理提出了哪些变革要求。

4、什么是国际创业。

试分析从创业学观点来看待企业国际化进程和传统的Uppsala模
型有什么不同。

南京大学考博英语真题词汇精彩记忆方法01.The loser closely enclosed himself in the closet.那个失败者把自己严密地封闭在小室内。

02.The composer was proposed to decompose his composition into components.作曲家被建议将著作分解成单元。

03.Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent.假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置。

04.The depositor positively positioned the preposition in that position on purpose.储户有意确信地介词放置在那个位置。

05.In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里，护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们。

06.The faculty for agricultural culture isn't difficult to cultivate.农业栽培能力不难培养。

07.The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍。

08.The desert deserves the nervous servants to observe.那个沙漠值得神经紧张的公务员们去观察。

09.The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirredby bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡。

南京大学考博英语阅读理解及其解析A.Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and si gnificant risks.Civil right activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks,Hispanics and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is th at they lack of access to the sizable orders and subcontracts tha t are generated by large companies.Now Congress,in apparent agr eement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contr acts of more than$500,000do their best to find minority subcon tractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with th e government.Indeed,some federal and local agencies have gone s o far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial.Accordin g to figures collected in1977,the total of corporate contracts Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu sa n qi with minority businesses rose from$77million in1972to 1. 1billion in1977.The projected total of corporate contracts wit h minority businesses for the early1980's is estimated to be ove r$3billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decad e.Promising as it is for minority businesses,this increased pa tronage poses dangers for them,too.First,minority firms risk e xpanding too fast and overextending themselves financially,since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses,they often need to make substantial investment in new plants,staff,equipm ent and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If,thereafter,their subcontracts are for some reason reduced,s uch firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.The worl d of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entreprene urs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.Bot h consume valuable time and resources,and a small company's effo rts must soon result in orders,or both the morale and the financ ial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionment through formation of joint ven tures with minority-owned concerns.Of course,in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures;clearly,White a nd minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neit her could acquire alone.But civil right groups and minority busi ness owners have complained to Congress about minorities being se t up as“fronts”with White backing,rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third,a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent.Even in the best of circumstances,fierce com petition from larger,more established companies makes it difficu lt for small concerns to broaden their customer bases;when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benef actor,they may truly have to struggle against complacency arisin g from their current success.(469words)Notes:civil rights activists公民权利激进分子。

[考研类试卷]2012年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、区分题1 Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.metaphor vs. metonymy2 generalized conversational implicature vs. particularized conversational implicature3 coordination vs. subordination4 inflectional morpheme vs. derivational morpheme二、单项选择题5 For each group of items in the following,point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.(24/150)（A）repub<u>l</u>ic（B）conso<u>l</u>ation（C）mu<u>l</u>tiple（D）p<u>l</u>umber[Focus on the pronunciation of "l"]（A）recko<u>n</u>（B）recog<u>n</u>ition（C）rethi<u>n</u>king（D）resig<u>n</u>ation[Focus on the pronunciation of "n"]（A）a<u>s</u>piration（B）bu<u>s</u>iness（C）ari<u>s</u>en（D）re<u>s</u>ilience[Focus on the pronunciation of "s"] （A）admirable（B）advertising（C）adamant（D）addictive[Focus on the location of the stress]（A）/w/（B）/n/（C）/m/（D）/b/[Focus on the classification of consonants]（A）peddle（B）edit（C）resurrect（D）realize[Focus on the device of word formation] （A）misplace（B）empower（C）unbutton（D）displease[Focus on the type of affix]（A）however（B）therefore（C）whereas（D）nevertheless[Focus on word types]（A）mother/father（B）fairly/rather（C）top/bottom（D）local/global[Focus on the type of semantic relation] （A）cabin/aircraft（B）lens/glasses（C）mouse/computer（D）entrance/park[Focus on myronymy]（A）we（B）it（C）now（D）here[Focus on deixis]（A）Honesty Maxim（B）Approbation Maxim（C）Agreement Maxim（D）Sympathy Maxim[Focus on Leech's Politeness Principle]三、分析题17 Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of the following.(12/150)representational(4/150)18 What happened next was astonishing to all present at the meeting.(8/150)19 Analyze the following sentences as required.(20/150)<u>The door</u> was knocked open by <u>a young man</u> with <u>abrick</u>.(Analyze the underlined parts of the sentence in terms of semantic roles and discuss how this sentence differs from" The young man knocked the door open with a brick".)20 On daily occasions, noise can be a big headache.(Discuss the conceptual metaphor used in this sentence and supply a sentence with a metaphor of the same type. Then, think of another possible conceptual metaphor for NOISE.)21 A smile on your face will make your appearance more welcome.(Rewrite the sentence with "you" as the subject. Discuss the difference(s)between the original sentence and the new one.)22 If yon waste time <u>today</u>, you will repent <u>tomorrow</u>.(Are the underlined words in the sentence deictic in this context? Why yes(or why not)?)四、简答题23 What are the four conditions that the performance of speech acts is supposed to satisfy if it is to be felicitous? Discuss how the following two instances of speech act performance may "deviate"from the rules or conditions.(20/150)(1)Thank for not smoking.(used as a public sign)(2)I really appreciate your effort to share my secret with my enemy!24 By definition,tautology like"Business is business"involves meaningless repetition. However, we do often find the use of it in real-life communication. Can yon think of twomore examples and discuss the possible contexts in which they might be heard? What do their users intend to convey? How are the tautological ways of saying different from their non-tautological equivalents?(22/150)25 Read the following poem carefully. What syntactic deviations are employed in it? What stylistic effect might result from the deviations? What cohesive devices are used? Who does "thou"refer to? How effective is its use?(16/150)My friend—Emily Dickinson My friend must be a Bird—Because it flies! Mortal,my friend must be,Because it dies'.Barbs has it, like a Bee!Ah, curious friend!Thou puzzlest me!26 Second language(L2)learners may correct themselves from time to time during their L2oral production. Listed below are some instances of self-correction(or self-repair)inL2speeches. Each instance is followed by the speaker's own retrospective account of the reasonfor the repair. Study these instances and fulfill the following tasks.(16/150)Task 1)Categorize these self-correction instances into some meaningful types. Name each type,briefly define it, and specify the instances that belong to it. For example, there are some instances(2,6,and 9)that exemplify Error Repairs as a type of self-repairs:Error Repairs: The L2 speakers correct themselves when they realize that they have made(or are making)language errors.Instance 2; The speaker corrects a phonological error.1. Uhm well there's a big dining table for forty person. And then we've also got er well it's well the dining table occupies half of the room.Retrospection: I thought, I did not tell you first how big the room was, so I said that the dining table occupies half of the room,and then I said what I originally wanted to say.2. We could arrange er more smallertabia[teibi]table[teibl] if you would like that better.Retrospection; I mispronounced the word" table," and I corrected it.3. There are very wide choice of er main courses er er steak er er several kinds of steak. Retrospection: I wanted to say it more precisely that we do not only have one kind of steak but several kinds of steak.4. You have to we have to make a contract.Retrospection: I realized that it is stupid to say that you have to make a contract, it's up to us to do it.5. In this urn in this part of the town er there are many vegetarians. Er this is because the university is here and vegetarians like it er like this restaurant.Retrospection: I noticed that" it" could also mean the university, so I wanted to make it clear that it is the restaurant that the vegetarians like and not the university.6. Will er have to pay er five er sorry er twenty-five percent. Retrospection; Here I said "five "instead of" twenty-five "accidentally.7. It doesn't it's not a problem.Retrospection: First I wanted to say "it does not matter" but I realized that in a business deal you cannotsay" it does not matter. "8. Thirty-five per... people.Retrospection: First I wanted to say " persons" but I had used " persons " several times before,so I said"people. " 9. I think it a very nice it's a very niceRetrospection: I left out "is, "and I corrected it.10. Uhm our fish fish meals er foods are very good too.Retrospection: I corrected"fish meals"for"fish food'" because I was not sure you can say "fish meals"and"fish foods"sounded a bit better.11. We have some er er v ... maybe you have vegetarians in your group. Retrospection; Here the idea of vegetarians suddenly popped up, and I abandoned what I was going to say because I would not have been able to list any more types of food anyway.27 Task 2)Analyze these self-correction instances and answer the following two questions: What feature can the self-correction phenomenon reveal about the process of L2 speech production? How does it influence L2 oral production?。

南京大学考博英语真题2011年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、SECTION Ⅰ STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.Freud derived psychoanalytic knowledge of childhood indirectly; he ______ childhood processes from adult memory.（分数：1.00）A.reconstructed √B.incorporatedC.obstructedD.fostered解析：[解析] 各选项的意思是：reconstructed重建，重现，重整；incorporated包含，吸收，把……合并；obstructed阻塞，阻碍；fostered培养，促进。

根据句意可知，答案是A。

2.Some social critics took a dim view of the industrialism of the nineteenth century, believing that it ______ a harsh, crude life-style.（分数：1.00）A.eradicatedB.facilitated √C.releasedD.imagined解析：[解析] 各选项的意思是：eradicated摧毁，完全根除；facilitated促进，使容易，助长；released 释放，放开，发布；imagined想象，设想，猜想。

take a dim view of意为“不赞成，不乐观”。

根据句意可知，答案是B。

3.The spelling of many Old English words has been ______ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.（分数：1.00）A.preserved √B.preemptedC.revisedD.improved解析：[解析] 各选项的意思是：preserved保留，留存；preempted先占，取代；revised修订，修改；improved改善，提高。

南京大学考博英语-1(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.You can ______your story by leaving out some unimportant details.（分数：1.00）A.abridge √B.rewriteC.revealD.change解析：[解析] abridge节略；rewrite重写；reveal展现；change改变。

根据句意，A最合适。

2.The young man was so bashful that he did not speak to the pretty girl.（分数：1.00）A.haughtyB.shy √C.indifferentD.upset解析：[解析] 题中bashful“害羞的”，B项的shy“怕羞的，畏缩的”与之相符。

其他三项都不正确：haughty傲慢的；upset心烦意乱的；indifferent不关心的，冷淡的。

3.John's ideas about how to solve the problem were so cogent that I had to agree with him. （分数：1.00）A.chronic √B.cavernousC.convincingD.choral解析：[解析] 题中cogent意为“令人胆寒的”，C项的convincing“令人恐惧的”与之相符。

其他三项不正确：chronic有希望的；cavernous严寒的；choral发人深省的。

4.He has got too much ______to worry about your problem.（分数：1.00）A.on his mind √B.out of mindC.off his mindD.to his mind解析：[解析] on sb's mind压在某人心头；out of one's mind精神不正常；off one's mind不再在某人心头；to one's mind据某人意见。

南京大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试题三小时科目代码：2250 科目名称：环境科学与技术发展满分：100分适用专业：环境科学与工程注意：1.所有答案必须写在答题纸或答题卡上，写在本试卷纸或草稿纸上无效；2.本科目不允许使用计算器。

选择五个问题回答，每题20分。

1论述柳州饮用水安全事件应急处理的经验和不足之处；2012年1月15日，广西河池市辖区内的宜州市群众用网箱养的鱼，突然出现不少死鱼现象，引发当地群众议论和反映。

宜州市环保部门经过调查发现，死鱼是由于龙江河宜州镉浓度严重超标引起，龙江水体已遭受严重镉污染。

广西官方在柳州市召开新闻通气会称，龙江河镉污染处置取得重大进展，形势将发生根本性转变，此次龙江污染处置目前主要使用“弱碱性化学沉淀法应急除镉技术”。

该市四大自来水厂的取水口全部位于柳江，于是紧急启动了饮用水水源污染事故应急预案Ⅲ级响应。

事故发生十二天后的2012年1月27日，广西启动突发环境事件Ⅱ级应急响应。

根据广西自治区龙江河突发环境事件应急指挥部的事后分析，此次入河的镉约21吨，以溶解态的形式存在，且污染水团相当集中。

在某些河段，镉浓度超标最大达82倍。

通过设立在龙江河段五道防线的层层削减，约75%的污染物会消弭于龙江之中，进入柳江的镉不会超过三成。

镉是继汞、铅之后污染人类环境、威胁人类健康的第三个金属元素。

镉是一种毒性很大的重金属，其化合物也大都属毒性物质。

极微量的镉就可对人体造成伤害，镉在体内的半衰期长达几十年，非常稳定，而且目前也没有特效药物清除体内的镉。

镉污染的处置:含镉废水的主要处理方法有化学沉淀法和吸附法。

化学沉淀法目前，沉淀法是处理含镉废水的一种主要方法，该法具有工艺简单、操作方便、经济实用的优点，在废水处理中应用广泛。

常用的沉淀剂为石灰、硫化物、聚合硫酸铁、碳酸盐，以及由以上几种沉淀剂组成的混合沉淀剂。

当向含镉废水中加入以上几种沉淀剂时会生成Cd（OH）2，CdS,CdCO3的沉淀物，废水的PH对沉淀效果有很大影响。