翻译的本质
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翻译的本质
翻译基本理论与实践
theory:A theory is a formal idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something. If you have a theory about something, you have your own opinion about it which you cannot prove but which you think is true.
翻译课的重要性:八级TEM8,MTI,毕业求职
1.1 翻译的定义
翻译translate词源考察:translate→拉丁词translatus,translatus是transferre的过去分词,transferre意为carry或transport。
In short, inside or between languages, human communication equals translation. (Steiner, 1998:49) To understand is to decipher. To hear significance is to translate. (Steiner, 1998:xii)
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor (受体)language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida, et al., 1982)
Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.(TL). (Catford)
Translation is, of course, a rewriting of an original text. All rewritings, whatever their intention, reflect a certain ideology and a poetics and as such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a given way. (Lefevere, 2004)
Translation as an intentional, interpersonal, partly verbal intercultural interaction based on a source text. (Vermmer, 1989)
翻译是一种创造性的工作,好的翻译等于创作,甚至还可能超过创作。
(郭沫若)
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达出的思维内容准确而整体地重新表达出来的语言活动。
(张培基,1980)翻译是译者将原语文化信息转换成译语文化信息并求得二者相似的思维活动和语言活动。
(黄忠廉,2000)有关翻译的隐喻:画家,媒婆、叛逆者、征服者、普罗米修斯、翻译机器
transcode, transcreate, transcribe, transfer, transform, transfuse输血, translate, transmigrate, transmit, transmute, transpose
rebegin, rebuild, recapture, recast重铸, reconstruct, recreate,
reevaluate, re-express, reform, reimagine, reinvent, remake, render, reorchestrate, rephrase, replace, represent, reproduce, resurrect, reword, rework
1.2 翻译的类型
1)从译出语和译入语的角度来分类,翻译可分为本族语译为外语外语译为本族语;
2)从涉及到的语言符号来分类,翻译分为语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation)和符际翻译(intersemiotic translation);
3) 从翻译的手段来分类,翻译可分为口译(oral interlingual translation)、笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译(machine translation);
4) 从翻译的题材来分类,翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of English for science and technology)、文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical writing translation);
5)从翻译的处理方式来分类,翻译可分为全译(full translation)、摘译(partial translation)和编译(translation plus editing)。
1.3 翻译的功能
Tower of Babel
the Buddhist Scripture; the sutra:Sanskrit→Chinese
Bible Hebrew→English
Marco Polo:Christianity引入中国
明末清初:科技翻译严复-天演论Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays
翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要,因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同文化的民族之间进行沟通,而这一全过程都离不开翻译。
1.4 翻译的过程(阶段,因素)
翻译过程通常按照时间顺序被划分为若干个阶段。
有些学者认为理解(原文识解)和表达(译文重构)是翻译的两个主要过程(范仲英,1994:173;Wilss,1982:80)。
法国释意学派将翻译过程分为理解、脱离原语语言外壳(deverbalization)和原文信息内容的重组(reverbalization)三个阶段(许钧、袁筱一,2001:163)。
Nida(2001:108)提出了翻译过程的四步模式说:1)原文的分析;2)从源语到目标语的传译;3)目标语的重组;4)译文的检验。
其中“分析”一步最为复杂、关键,是奈达翻译研究的重点所在(谭载喜,2004:237)。
王宏印(2007:4-8)将翻译过程划分为准备阶段、实施
阶段、校核阶段,其中准备阶段包括长期准备和近期准备,实施阶段包括理解和表达,校核阶段包括初级校核和高级校核。
随着翻译实证研究的进展,亦有一些学者根据翻译过程的实证数据,将翻译过程分为前写作(pre-writing)、写作(writing)、后写作(post-writing)三个阶段(Englund Dimitrova,2005a:21);
Jakobsen(2002)则将翻译过程分为定位(orientation)、初译(drafting)、修订(revision)三个阶段。
翻译过程涉及什么主体和要素?
Source text→translator→Target text
Initiator, client, writer, source culture, ST readers, translator, TT readers, target culture
As an interpersonal activity working on texts (of whatever length or fragmentary status), the training of translators involves the creation of the following two-fold functional competence (cf. Pym 1991):
•The ability to generate a series of more than one viable target text (TTI, TT2 … TTn) for a pertinent source text (ST);
•The ability to select only one viable TT from this series, quickly and with justified confidence.
e.g.
They usually start with a small group of people on a ship heading for a place they can only imagine.
The Dutch fared better in Taiwan until they were supplanted by the Chinese.
1.4 翻译的标准
文质
玄奘五不翻
严复《天演论》译例言:译事三难,信、达、雅。
求其信,已大难矣。
顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译。
鲁迅先生认为:"凡是翻译,必须兼顾两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿。
"
目的论读者
1.5 翻译的方法
直译意译
归化异化。