第7讲 非谓语动词

第7讲非谓语动词[深化认知]一、非谓语动词作状语1．不定式作状语(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。

注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。

To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself.要想成功，首先必须相信自己。

(2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。

We hurried to the station, only to be told that the train had left.我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已开走了。

(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。

常见的形容词有：happy, lucky, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right等。

You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。

(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋t o do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

该结构中常用的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on.这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。

2．分词作状语(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。

One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他家。

(2)若句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。

Not knowing his address, I can't call on him in person.由于不知道他的地址，我无法亲自去拜访他。

(3)若句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city is very beautiful.从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。

(4)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。

Having lived in New York for years, I know each part of it very well.由于住在纽约多年，我对这里的每一处都很熟悉。

(5)若与句中主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。

Having been ignored for a long time, the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.因长时间被忽视，坐在后面的男孩感到枯燥就出去了。

3．独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。

常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说frankly speaking 坦白地说judging from/by 根据……来判断considering .../taking ...into consideration 考虑到……to tell you the truth 说实话seeing 鉴于/由于……supposing 假设，如果assuming 假使given 考虑到，鉴于provided (that ...) 如果Generally speaking, the family, not the school, plays the primary role in educating children for life.一般来讲，在孩子的终生教育中起着主要作用的是家庭而不是学校。

Considering your health, you'd better have a rest.考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。

二、非谓语动词作宾语1．下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。

2．下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：这个年轻人承认驾驶了这辆没有保险的轿车。

3．be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend (in)等短语后也要用动名词作宾语。

Parents should pay more attention to the cases where their children have difficulty (in) adapting to new surroundings.当孩子们对新环境不适应时，父母们应多加关注。

4．下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：mean ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧to do sth. 打算做某事doing sth. 意味着做某事forget ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧to do sth. 忘记去做某事（未做）doing sth. 忘记做过某事（已做） regret ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧to do sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾（未做）doing sth. 对做过的事表示后悔（已做） try ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧to do sth. 尽力去做某事doing sth. 试着做某事 go on ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧to do sth. 继续做另一件事doing sth. 继续做原来做的事 remember ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧to do sth. 记着去做某事（未做）doing sth. 记着做了某事（已做） What a poor memory ！I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday.But today I forgot to return the money to him.多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。

三、非谓语动词作宾补1．感官动词(词组)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel 的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see 为例：see ＋宾语＋⎩⎨⎧ ⎭⎪⎬⎪⎫doing 看见……正做……do 看见……做了……（宾语与宾补之间为主动关系） ⎭⎪⎬⎪⎫being done 看见……正在被做done 看见……被做（宾语与宾补之间为被动关系） I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.我抬头看，注意到一条蛇正沿树蜿蜒而上，捕捉它的早餐。

2．使役动词make, let, have, get 后加复合宾语的情况：(1)make ＋宾语＋⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧do 让……做……（宾语与宾补之间为主动关系）done 让……被做（宾语与宾补之间为被动关系）She tried her best to make herself heard .她尽最大努力让自己被别人听见。

(2)let ＋宾语＋⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧do 让……做……（宾语与宾补之间为主动关系）be done 让……被做（宾语与宾补之间为被动关系）Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.让那些需要(帮助)的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们。

（3）have ＋宾语＋⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧⎭⎪⎬⎪⎫do sth.使……做某事doing sth.使……持续做某事（宾语与宾补之间为主动关系）done 使……被做（宾语与宾补之间为被动关系） He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry.他让灯亮了整晚，这使他父母很生气。

[名师指津] have 还可用于have sth.to do/to be done 结构，该结构中have 作“有”讲，不定式作定语。

I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.这个学期结束前，我有很多阅读要完成。

（4）get ＋宾语＋⎩⎨⎧⎭⎪⎬⎪⎫to do 使……做……doing 使……开始做……（宾语与宾补之间为主动关系）done 使……被做（宾语与宾补之间为被动关系） Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.亚历山大试图使他的工作被医学界认可。

四、非谓语动词作定语1．现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着主动关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。

Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home, there was a pile of mail waiting for her.劳拉去巴黎待了一周多的时间。

当她返回家的时候，有一大堆邮件等着她(处理)。

2．过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词之间是被动关系，表示该动作的被动和完成。

Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。